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Biological barriers to systemic gene delivery.
| Extracellular barriers | Intracellular barriers |
|---|---|
| Degradation by the nuclease in blood | Endosomal or lysosomal degradation |
| Clearance by kidney filtration | Movement to the target sites |
| Uptake by reticuloendothelial system | Translocation to the nucleus |
| Inability to target specific tissues or cells | |
| Movement inhibited by viscous mucus | |
| Inability to permeate cell membranes |
