Table 2.
Characteristics of people with T2DM by clinically significant depression, NHANES 2005–2012
| Non-CSD | CSD | Overall | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N, participants | 1926 (88.3) | 256 (11.7) | 2182 |
| Frequency, weighteda (%) | 13,520,141(89.4) | 1,597,475(10.6) | 15,117,616 (100.0) |
| Age group, % | |||
| 30–49 years | 16.3 | 25.4 | 16.6 |
| 50–64 years | 38.2 | 50.3 | 38.7 |
| 65–74 years | 26.3 | 15.4 | 25.8 |
| ≥ 75 years | 19.3 | 8.9 | 18.8 |
| Sex, % | |||
| Male | 49.5 | 29.4 | 48.7 |
| Female | 50.5 | 70.6 | 51.3 |
| Race, % | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 60.8 | 50.6 | 60.4 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 17.6 | 23.4 | 17.8 |
| Mexican and other Hispanic | 13.3 | 21.8 | 13.6 |
| Other | 8.3 | 4.2 | 8.2 |
| Ratio of family income to poverty level ≤ 1.3, % | 22.4 | 62.9 | 24.1 |
| Marital status, single or living alone, % | 37.6 | 53.3 | 38.3 |
| Education, % | |||
| College or above | 46.5 | 23.7 | 45.5 |
| High school graduate | 25.3 | 19.5 | 25.0 |
| Below high school | 28.2 | 56.8 | 29.4 |
| Smoking | |||
| Non-smoker | 50.2 | 39.1 | 49.8 |
| Past | 35.7 | 24.7 | 35.2 |
| Current | 14.1 | 36.1 | 15.0 |
| Alcohol | |||
| Non-drinker | 42.5 | 58.9 | 43.2 |
| Above moderate level | 16.4 | 20.3 | 16.6 |
| Moderate drinking | 41.1 | 20.8 | 40.2 |
| Marijuana, ever use, % | 17.3 | 29.3 | 17.8 |
| Physical activity level met guidelines,b % | 42.5 | 16.9 | 41.4 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 28.3 | 41.9 | 28.8 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 18.8 | 18.6 | 18.8 |
| Hypertension | 81.8 | 79.1 | 81.7 |
| Liver diseases | 4.2 | 11.9 | 4.5 |
| Cancer | 17.3 | 23.8 | 17.5 |
| Weak/failing kidneysc | 7.6 | 13.1 | 7.8 |
| Overnight hospitalization in the past year, % | 22.1 | 42.5 | 23.0 |
| My health in general is, % | |||
| Excellent, very good | 15.4 | 1.2 | 14.8 |
| Good/Fair | 69.4 | 61.7 | 69.1 |
| Poor | 8.0 | 37.1 | 9.2 |
| Missing | 7.2 | 0.0 | 6.9 |
| Hours of sleep per day, % | |||
| < =5 h | 17.5 | 43.5 | 18.6 |
| 6–8 h | 73.0 | 40.2 | 71.6 |
| > =9 h | 8.9 | 15.6 | 9.2 |
| Missing | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
| Self-reported having trouble sleep, % | 35.7 | 69.2 | 37.1 |
| Told by doctor having sleep disorders, % | 16.3 | 38.2 | 17.2 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis, years | |||
| Mean (s.e.) | 52.4 (0.4) | 48.4 (1.3) | 52.2 (0.4) |
| Categories, % | |||
| < 50 | 42.5 | 56.1 | 43.0 |
| 50–69 | 47.3 | 37.2 | 46.8 |
| > =70 | 9.5 | 4.8 | 9.3 |
| Missing | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.8 |
| Duration of diabetes | |||
| Mean (s.e.) | 9.9 (0.2) | 9.6 (1.0) | 9.9 (0.2) |
| Categories, % | |||
| < 5 years | 30.9 | 21.1 | 30.5 |
| 5–9 years | 24.3 | 29.3 | 24.5 |
| > =10 years | 43.9 | 47.6 | 44.1 |
| Missing | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.8 |
| HbA1c, % | |||
| Mean (s.e.) | 7.3 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.2) | 7.3 (0.1) |
| Categories, % | |||
| < 6.5 % | 34.9 | 31.7 | 34.7 |
| 6.5- < 7.5 % | 28.7 | 28.7 | 28.7 |
| 7.5–8.9 % | 19.1 | 11.9 | 18.8 |
| > =9 % | 12.9 | 15.0 | 13.0 |
| Missing | 4.4 | 12.8 | 4.7 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | |||
| Mean (s.e.) | 182.6 (1.6) | 195.3 (5.3) | 183.1 (1.5) |
| Categories | |||
| > 0 and <200 | 65.1 | 42.4 | 64.1 |
| > =200 | 28.5 | 43.4 | 29.2 |
| Missing | 6.4 | 14.2 | 6.7 |
| LDL cholesterol(mg/dl) | |||
| Mean (s.e.) | 98.5 (1.4) | 112.9 (6.0) | 99.0 (1.4) |
| Categories | |||
| > 0 and <100 | 52.5 | 38.9 | 52.0 |
| > =100 | 39.7 | 54.3 | 40.2 |
| Missing | 7.8 | 6.8 | 7.8 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | |||
| Male and female, mean (s.e.) | 47.7 (0.4) | 45.1 (1.7) | 47.6 (0.4) |
| Male, mean (s.e.) | 44.1 (0.5) | 38.7 (2.7) | 44.0 (0.5) |
| Female, mean (s.e.) | 51.3 (0.7) | 48.0 (1.6) | 51.2 (0.7) |
| Categories, % | |||
| Male > 40 and female > 50 | 49.1 | 31.7 | 48.4 |
| Male < =40 and female < =50 | 44.5 | 54.0 | 44.9 |
| Missing | 6.4 | 14.2 | 6.7 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | |||
| Mean (s.e.) | 177.1 (9.7) | 162.4 (14.7) | 176.6 (9.4) |
| Categories | |||
| > 0 and <150 | 55.1 | 47.6 | 54.8 |
| > =150 | 42.5 | 45.5 | 42.6 |
| Missing | 2.4 | 6.8 | 2.6 |
| Blood pressure (BP), mmHg | |||
| SBP, mean (s.e.) | 130.5 (0.6) | 126.6 (2.1) | 130.4 (0.5) |
| DBP, mean (s.e) | 68.6 (0.4) | 68.8 (1.9) | 68.6 (0.4) |
| SBP < 140, DBP < 90 | 67.7 | 64.3 | 67.5 |
| Missing | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.6 |
| Medications | |||
| Insulin, % | 26.6 | 30.3 | 26.8 |
| Sulfonylureas, % | 35.4 | 22.1 | 34.8 |
| THIAZOLIDINEDIONES, % | 17.5 | 9.9 | 17.1 |
| Meglitinides, % | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.8 |
| DPP-4 INHIBITORS, % | 7.3 | 0.0 | 6.9 |
| GLP-1 AGONISTS, % | 1.5 | 2.9 | 1.5 |
| Metformin, % | 53.0 | 53.7 | 53.0 |
| Any antihyperglycemic agents | 88.3 | 81.6 | 88.0 |
| Antihypertensives, % | 76.8 | 73.2 | 76.6 |
| Statins, % | 54.5 | 45.2 | 54.1 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||
| Mean (s.e.) | 32.7 (0.2) | 34.4 (0.7) | 32.8 (0.2) |
| Categories, % | |||
| < 25 | 13.5 | 9.6 | 13.3 |
| 25- < 30 | 25.5 | 13.5 | 25.0 |
| 30- < 35 | 28.1 | 35.9 | 28.5 |
| 35+ | 32.8 | 41.0 | 33.2 |
| Missing | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Waist-to-height ratio, mean (s.e.) | 0.662 (0.003) | 0.691 (0.010) | 0.663 (0.003) |
| Categories, % | |||
| 0.3- < 0.5 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.3 |
| 0.5- < 0.7 | 61.7 | 46.5 | 61.1 |
| ≥ 0.7 | 27.8 | 37.4 | 28.2 |
| Missing | 8.2 | 14.3 | 8.5 |
Values are % unless stated otherwise, percentages may not add up exactly to 100 due to rounding. CSD Clinically significant depression, defined by PHQ-9 score ≥ 15; S.e. = standard error
aThere were 466 participants (=2,648-2,182) who reported having diagnosed diabetes but were not included in this analysis (due to presumed type 1 diabetes or non-participation in the MEC exams), representing 3,653,851 (=18,771,467-15,117,616) people with diabetes in the US civilian, non-institutionalized population
bPhysical activity level evaluated according to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans [42]
cA “yes” answer to “Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have weak or failing kidneys (excluding kidney stones, bladder infections, or incontinence)?”