Table 1.

DMD serum protein biomarkers are tied to specific pathobiochemical pathways

Group	Sub-group	Pathobiochemical pathway
Skeletal muscle enriched proteins (n = 21)	Myofibrilar proteins Glycolytic enzymes Ca2+ regulating proteins Transport proteins Other muscle enzymes	Membrane instability, leakage High levels in young DMD but then decreased with age. Unchanged in controls
Proteins involved in connective tissue remodeling (n = 14)	Cell adhesion proteins, connective tissue, proteases	Maintenance of extracellular matrix integrity All decreased in DMD versus controls
Inflammatory and immune system (n = 18)	Interleukins cytokine, chemokine	Inflammation and innate pathway Some increase with age in DMD Some decrease with age in DMD
Developmental processes (n = 6)	Cell differentiation Cell proliferation	Muscle regeneration Decreased with age in DMD while increased with age in controls