Table 3.
Multivariate analysis on health characteristics and health service use
| Private vs. Public | RPIE vs. EME | Private vs. RPIE | Public vs. EME | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI) | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI) | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI) | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI) |
| General Health | ||||||||
| Fair/Poor, self-reported health | 0.164*** (0.147, 0.183) | 0.469*** (0.400, 0.550) | 0.639*** (0.556, 0.735) | 0.856 (0.699, 1.048) | 0.537*** (0.476, 0.605) | 0.823** (0.719, 0.942) | 2.091*** (1.836, 2.380) | 2.020*** (1.727, 2.363) |
| Chronic Conditions | ||||||||
| Heart-related Disease | 0.453*** (0.399, 0.515) | 0.693*** (0.566, 0.849) | 0.979 (0.784, 1.223) | 0.715 (0.507, 1.009) | 1.369*** (1.164, 1.611) | 1.304** (1.089, 1.561) | 2.957*** (2.426, 3.604) | 2.221*** (1.767, 2.792) |
| Diabetes | 0.366*** (0.322, 0.417) | 0.548*** (0.448–0.671) | 0.808 (0.652, 1.001) | 1.019 (0.751, 1.382) | 1.162 (0.983, 1.372) | 1.464*** (1.216, 1.761) | 2.561*** (2.123, 3.090) | 2.439*** (1.951, 3.050) |
| Cancer | 0.917 (0.770, 1.092) | 1.060 (0.812, 1.384) | 1.208 (0.882, 1.656) | 0.913 (0.569, 1.466) | 1.924*** (1.557, 2.378) | 1.412** (1.121, 1.777) | 2.535*** (1.894, 3.394) | 1.773** (1.270, 2.475) |
| Health-Related Lifestyle | ||||||||
| Overweight | 1.206*** (1.095, 1.329) | 0.957 (0.830, 1.103) | 1.100 (0.979, 1.236) | 1.002 (0.846, 1.186) | 0.930 (0.853, 1.015) | 0.959 (0.870, 1.057) | 0.849* (0.749, 0.961) | 0.999 (0.860, 1.160) |
| Obese | 0.633*** (0.577, 0.694) | 0.858* (0.748, 0.984) | 0.871* (0.774, 0.981) | 1.094 (.924, 1.296) | 1.040 (0.951, 1.138) | 1.209*** (1.094, 1.337) | 1.432*** (1.270, 1.615) | 1.366*** (1.183, 1.576) |
| Smoking | 0.404*** (0.364, 0.449) | 0.705*** (0.600, 0.828) | 0.882 (0.773, 1.007) | 0.797* (0.646, 0.984) | 0.625*** (0.562, 0.694) | 0.727*** (0.644, 0.820) | 1.364*** (1.195, 1.556) | 1.112 (0.944, 1.310) |
| Mental Health | ||||||||
| Felt Hopeless all the time or most of the time | 0.163*** (0.136, 0,195) | 0.515*** (0.396, 0.669) | 0.558*** (0.436, 0.713) | 0.698 (0.486, 1.005) |
0.555*** (0.442, 0.696) | 0.799 (0.623, 1.026) | 1.899*** (1.550, 2.327) | 1.568*** (1.245, 1.975) |
| Felt Sad all the time or most of the time | 0.142*** (0.115, 0.174) | 0.539*** (0.400–0.727) | 0.523*** (0.397, 0.688) | 0.692 (0.463, 1.035) | 0.508*** (0.391, 0.661) | 0.721* (0.540, 0.963) | 1.873*** (1.499, 2.339) | 1.491** (1.158, 1.921) |
| Felt Worthless all the time or most of the time | 0.186*** (0.153, 0.225) | 0.286*** (0.221, 0.369) | 0.654** (0.499, 0.858) | 0.721 (0.475, 1.094) | 0.587*** (0.461, 0.748) | 0.774 (0.594, 1.009) | 2.070*** (1.647, 2.602) | 1.557** (1.202, 2.018) |
| Health Care Access | ||||||||
| Have Usual Source of Care | 0.918 (0.820, 1.027) | 0.835* (0.708, 0.985) | 1.117 (0.998, 1.249) | 1.039 (0.880, 1.227) | 4.631*** (4.239, 5.059) | 3.841*** (3.473, 4.247) | 5.635*** (4.936, 6.434) | 4.473*** (3.829, 5.227) |
| Routine Check-up, a prior year | 0.697 (0.629, 0.772) | 0.720*** (0.620, 0.835) | 1.082 (0.965, 1.213) | 1.081 (0.914, 1.279) | 3.235*** (2.967, 3.526) | 2.908*** (2.638, 3.205) | 5.019*** (4.419, 5.700) | 3.929*** (3.383, 4.563) |
| Dental Check-up, a prior year | 3.337*** (3.041, 3.662) | 1.993*** (1.738, 2.286) | 1.451*** (1.291, 1.632) | 1.419*** (1.198, 1.681) | 3.690*** (3.384, 4.024) | 2.670*** (2.424, 2.941) | 1.605*** (1.421, 1.813) | 1.547*** (1.334, 1.795) |
| Women’s Screening | ||||||||
| Pap test, prior 3 yearsb | 1.431*** (1.208, 1.696) | 1.094 (0.849, 1.411) | 1.005 (0.831, 1.214) | 1.102 (0.834, 1.456) | 2.523*** (2.150, 2.961) | 2.436*** (2.036, 2.914) | 1.771*** (1.453, 2.157) | 1.889*** (1.490, 2.393) |
| Breast Exam, prior 2 yearsb | 1.594*** (1.375, 1.849) | 1.047 (0.841, 1.305) | 1.200* (1.015, 1.418) | 1.186 (0.933, 1.508) | 3.059*** (2.653, 3.529) | 2.746*** (2.348, 3.210) | 2.303*** (1.939, 2.734) | 2.045*** (1.674, 2.498) |
| Mammogram, prior 2 yearsc | 1.424*** (1.258, 1.611) | 1.066 (0.868, 1.309) | 1.341** (1.124, 1.600) | 1.089 (0.837, 1.416) | 2.426*** (2.122, 2.773) | 2.665*** (2.269, 3.130) | 2.286*** (1.931, 2.705) | 1.848*** (1.500, 2.277) |
| Unmet Health Needs | ||||||||
| Immediate Care/Treatmentd | 0.655*** (0.537, 0.798) | 0.711* (0.521, 0.969) | 0.723* (0.556, 0.942) | 0.849 (0.580, 1.242) | 0.390*** (0.314, 0.484) | 0.466*** (0.367, 0.592) | 0.430*** (0.336, 0.552) | 0.440*** (0.332, 0.583) |
| Needed Care/Treatment/Testse | 0.411*** (0.341, 0.495) | 0.622** (0.470, 0.824) | 0.639** (0.495, 0.826) | 0.830 (0.576, 1.194) | 0.268*** (0.219, 0.328) | 0.341*** (0.273, 0.424) | 0.416*** (0.326, 0.531) | 0.408*** (0.309, 0.538) |
| Appointment When Wantedf | 0.818** (0.707, 0.947) | 0.980 (0.787, 1.222) | 0.782* (0.629, 0.971) | 0.741 (0.539, 1.019) | 0.510*** (0.435, 0.598) | 0.593*** (0.498, 0.705) | 0.487*** (0.396, 0.600) | 0.540*** (0.427, 0.685) |
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001; Data from Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) 2012; Adjusted odds ratios were obtained from the multiple logistic regression controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, family income, education, marital status, region and family size