Table 3.

(Raw) coefficients and p-values from the mixed model analyses.

Predictors/covariates	Analysis 1 (maternal education)		Analysis 1 (paternal education)
	(Raw) coefficient	p	(Raw) coefficient	p
na	273		269
Parental education	−0.137	0.01	−0.140	0.01
Hair zinc	−0.003	0.02	−0.003	0.01
Age	−0.013	0.06	−0.010	0.16
Gender	−0.022	0.81	−0.050	0.59
Parenthood (single vs. two parents)	0.163	0.28	0.185	0.22
Parental annual income	0.009	0.86	0.010	0.84

Legend: n: number of children in the respective subgroups; p: statistical probability value; coefficients and p-values below the statistical significance level of p = 0.05 are bolded.

Analysis 1: Multiple hierarchical regression analysis, with hair cortisol as dependent variable, and maternal education and other variables (i.e., hair zinc, age, etc.) as independent variables.

Analysis 2: Multiple hierarchical regression analysis, with hair cortisol as dependent variable, and paternal education and other variables (i.e., hair zinc, age, etc.) as independent variables.

The categories for the variables are shown in Table 1 (e.g., parental education: less than high school = 1; high school = 2; some college or university = 3; University or college degree = 4).

^aThe multiple regression used only cases that had complete data (i.e., no missing data on any predictor variable).