Table 2.

Comparative studies between topical and IV TXA administration regimes.

Study	Control	Topical	IV pre	IV intra	IV multiple	Results
Topical versus IV intra
[1] N: 150	N: 50 • 100 ml NS	N: 50 • 1.5 g TXA in 100 ml NS • While suturing		N: 50 • 1.5 g TXA in 100 ml NS • After closing surgical sites		Topical more effective
[2] N: 89	No	N: 47 • 2.0 g TXA in 100 ml NS • 2 min before tourniquet release		N: 42 • 10 mg/kg TXA • 10 min before tourniquet release		Topical and IV equally effective
[3] N: 200	N: 50 • No treatment	N: 50 • 3 g TXA in 100 ml NS • Before suturing, clamp drain 1 h, then fully open		N: 50 • 500 mg TXA in 100 ml NS • After closing the wound immediately		• TXA: statistical significant effect • IV TXA much more effective
N: 50 • 1.5 g TXA in 100 ml NS • Injected through the drain after wound closure
[4] N: 571		N: 198 • 3 g TXA in 100 ml NS • After capsular closure		N: 373 • 1.5 g TXA at time of incision		Both routes are safe and effective
Topical versus IV pre
[5] N: 90 Simultaneous bilateral computer assisted TKR – no drain	N: 30 • 10 ml NS IV • 20 min before tourniquet inflation	N: 30 • 1 g TXA in each knee • After wound closure	N: 30 • 1 g TXA • 20 min before tourniquet inflation			• TXA: significant benefit • Local versus IV: no difference
Topical versus IV multiple
[6] N: 78		N: 39 • 3 g TXA in 100 ml NS • After capsular closure			N: 39 • IV intra, 15 mg/kg in 100 ml NS before tourniquet deflation and • IV post, 10 mg/kg TXA, 3 h after surgery	Similar results
[7] N: 60		N: 30 • 3 g TXA in 100 ml NS • At least 5 min before tourniquet deflation			N: 30 • IV pre, 10 mg/kg TXA, 20 min before tourniquet inflation and • IV intra, 10 mg/kg TXA, 15 min before tourniquet deflation and • IV post, 10 mg/kg TXA, 3 h after intra dose	Topical TXA is equally effective as 3 doses of IV regimen
[8] N: 150	N: 50 • Routine hemostasis	N: 50 • 3 g TXA in 100 ml NS • After capsular closure			N: 50 • IV pre, 1 g TXA before tourniquet inflation and • IV post, 1 g TXA after tourniquet removal	• Both regimens are more effective than routine hemostasis • No significant difference between the two TXA groups
[9] N: 240	N: 40 • No treatment	Group 5, N: 40 • 2.0 g TXA in 100 ml NS • At least 5 min before tourniquet release		Group 1, N: 40 • 10 mg/kg TXA • 15 min before tourniquet deflation	Group 2, N: 40 • IV pre, 10 mg/kg TXA, 20 min before tourniquet inflation and • IV intra, 10 mg/kg TXA, 15 min before tourniquet deflation	• Single dose: not effective • Two dose: the least amount necessary for effective results • Three dose: the maximum effective
Group 3, N: 40 • IV intra, 10 mg/kg, TXA, 15 min before tourniquet deflation and • IV post, 10 mg/kg TXA, 3 h after first dose
Group 4, N: 40 • IV pre, 10 mg/kg TXA, 20 min before tourniquet inflation and • IV intra, 10 mg/kg TXA, 15 min before tourniquet deflation • IV post, 10 mg/kg TXA, 3 h after first dose

IV: intra-venous; pre: pre-operative; intra: intra-operative; post: post-operative; N: number of patients; NS: normal saline; min: minutes.