Table 4.

Associations Between Food Availability and GDM

Spearman’s Rank correlation and multilogistic regression analysis reveal correlations between food environment (fast food restaurants and supermarkets) and GDM.

Food Environmental Variables	Bivariate Correlation Analysis		Multivariate Regression Analysis		Odds Ratio
	Spearman’s Rank Correlation		Multilogistic Regression		unadjusted OR (95% CI)		adjusted OR (95% CI) #
	r	Significance	r	Significance	> median vs. < median	4th quartile vs. 1st quartile	> median vs. < median	4th quartile vs. 1st quartile
Fast food restaurants per 100,000 inhabitants
individual zip codes	0.008	p = 0.441	0.001	p = 0.032	0.90 (0.80–1.02)	1.11 (0.93–1–31)	1.04 (0.84–1.30)	1.32 (0.97–1.79)
neighborhoods	0.034	p = 0.001	0.004	p = 0.004	1.25 (1.11–1.40)	1.33 (1.13–1.56)	1.39 (1.12–1.73)	1.63 (1.21–2.19)
Supermarkets per 100,000 inhabitants
individual zip codes	0.045	p < 0.001	0.004	p = 0.020	1.22 (1.08–1.37)	1.35 (1.14–1.58)	1.04 (0.84–1.30)	1.44 (1.06–1.95)
neighborhoods	0.054	p < 0.001	0.010	p = 0.023	1.29 (1.15–1.46)	1.46 (1.24–1.71)	1.22 (0.97–1.52)	1.56 (1.15–2.13)
Fast Food Restaurant per Supermarket ratio
individual zip codes	0.010	p = 0.344	0.000	p = 0.970	1.08 (0.95–1.22)	0.98 (0.83–1.16)	1.14 (0.91–1.44)	1.09 (0.79–1.49)
neighborhoods	0.024	p = 0.022	0.082	p = 0.005	1.22 (1.08–1.37)	1.24 (1.10–1.41)	1.47 (1.17–1.84)	1.42 (1.25–1.69)

Odds Ratios (OR) demonstrate how being exposed to certain fast food restaurant and supermarket densities influences the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes.

^#Results of multilogistic regression analysis and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were corrected for gravidity, ethnicity, education, income, maternal age, BMI, gestational age, preterm birth, gestational weight gain and prior gestational diabetes.