Table 2.
Multilevel Ordered Logistic Regression Model of Waterpipe Smoking Frequency*
| Fixed Effects** | Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Cigarette smoking status | ||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | |
| Non-daily | 1.24 | 1.14–1.35 |
| Daily | 1.81 | 1.61–2.04 |
| Cigar smoking status | ||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | - |
| Non-daily | 1.11 | 1.03–1.21 |
| Daily | 7.77 | 5.49–11.02 |
| Smokeless tobacco use | ||
| Never | 1.00 | - |
| Non-daily | 1.00 | 0.92–1.09 |
| Daily | 1.18 | 0.91–1.53 |
| Marijuana use | ||
| Never | 1.00 | - |
| Non-daily | 1.12 | 1.03–1.21 |
| Daily | 1.57 | 1.37–1.81 |
| Cocaine use | ||
| Never | 1.00 | - |
| Non-daily | 1.03 | 0.93–1.13 |
| Daily | 18.49 | 8.24–41.50 |
| Alcohol use | ||
| Never | 1.00 | - |
| Non-daily | 0.71 | 0.59–0.85 |
| Daily | 1.84 | 1.39–2.43 |
| Age, in years | ||
| 18–20 | 1.00 | - |
| 21–24 | 0.79 | 0.73–0.86 |
| 25 + | 0.74 | 0.60–0.90 |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 1.00 | - |
| Male | 1.21 | 1.13–1.30 |
| Race | ||
| White | 1.00 | - |
| African American | 1.26 | 1.00–1.58 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.96 | 0.84–1.09 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1.18 | 1.05–1.33 |
| Other | 1.19 | 1.06–1.34 |
| Sexual orientation | ||
| Heterosexual | 1.00 | - |
| Lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender | 0.98 | 0.87–1.11 |
| Marital status | ||
| Not married | 1.00 | - |
| Married/partnered | 1.36 | 1.11–1.66 |
| Education | ||
| Undergraduate | 1.00 | - |
| Graduate/professional/other | 0.68 | 0.56–0.84 |
| Residence | ||
| Off-Campus Housing | 1.00 | - |
| On-Campus Housing | 0.84 | 0.78–0.91 |
| Fraternity/sorority | ||
| Non-member | 1.00 | - |
| Member | 1.17 | 1.07–1.28 |
| Geographic region | ||
| Northeast | 1.00 | - |
| Midwest | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 |
| South | 1.05 | 0.92–1.18 |
| West | 1.19 | 1.06–1.35 |
*
Waterpipe smoking frequency categories: 1= 1–2 days; 2= 3–5 days; 3= 6–9 days; 4= 10–19 days; 5= 20–29 days; 6= daily
**
Random effect: College ID; variance = 0.06; 95% CI = 0.04 – 0.09