Fig 4. Naringenin inhibits KO₂-induced oxidative stress and gp91^phox mRNA expression.

(a-e) Mice received naringenin (50 mg/kg, po) treatment 1 h before ipl injection of 30 μg of KO_2. Paw skin samples were collected 3 h after ipl KO₂ injection. Sample analyses were (a) GSH levels, (b) total antioxidant capacity (FRAP assay), (c) lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay), (d) O₂⁻ production (NBT assay), and (e) gp91^phox mRNA expression by RT-qPCR. β-actin was a reference gene to normalize mRNA expression data. Results are mean ± SEM of 6 mice per group per experiment, and are representative of 2 independent experiments. *p< 0.05 vs. saline group, #p< 0.05 vs. KO₂ group. One-way ANOVA followed Tukey’s post hoc.