Table 4.
Adjusted associations between prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and overweight/obese status and body mass index (BMI) z-scores among children aged 4 to 7 yearsby race/ethnicity
| Metabolite / groupa | Overweight/obese OR (95% CI)b |
BMI z-score β (95% CI)c |
|---|---|---|
| MEP | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 0.74 (0.27, 2.0) | 0.01 (−0.19, 0.21) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.69 (0.34, 1.4) | −0.05 (−0.21, 0.12) |
| Hispanic | 0.62 (0.28, 1.3) | −0.08 (−0.25, 0.09) |
| MnBP | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.1 (0.32, 3.9) | 0.04 (−0.23, 0.32) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.1(0.43, 2.6) | 0.00 (−0.27, 0.26) |
| Hispanic | 0.85 (0.30, 2.5) | 0.04 (−0.21, 0.29) |
| MiBP | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.0 (0.32, 3.1) | −0.02 (−0.26, 0.22) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.55 (0.22, 1.4) | −0.04 (−0.32, 0.25) |
| Hispanic | 0.72 (0.27, 1.9) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.25) |
| MCPP | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.2(0.35, 3.9) | −0.13 (−0.39, 0.13) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.8(0.76, 4.2) | 0.00 (−0.25, 0.24) |
| Hispanic | 3.7(1.6, 9.1)d | 0.08 (−0.11, 0.27) |
| MBzP | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 0.74 (0.22, 2.5) | −0.16 (−0.42, 0.10) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.58 (0.25, 1.4) | −0.08 (−0.32, 0.16) |
| Hispanic | 0.63 (0.26, 1.5) | −0.01 (−0.21, 0.18) |
| ∑DEHP | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.4 (0.58, 3.6) | 0.10 (−0.09, 0.29) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.0 (0.46, 2.1) | −0.04 (−0.25, 0.16) |
| Hispanic | 0.59 (0.27, 1.3) | −0.14 (−0.31, 0.03) |
Associations per standard deviation increase in natural log phthalate metabolite concentrations estimated in multiple metabolite logistic (overweight/obese) or linear (BMI z-score) mixed effects regression models,adjusted for cohort, maternal age at delivery, maternal education, maternal work status during pregnancy, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal height, gestational weight gain, maternal smoking during pregnancy, natural log creatinine, calendar date of urine collection, parity, child’s sex, breast feeding, and months of age at follow-up.
Number of children/number of follow-up visits for each group: 166/358 (non-Hispanic white), 230/463 (non-Hispanic black), and 299/570 (Hispanic).
Posterior mean of odds ratios (95% credible intervals).
Posterior mean of beta coefficients (95% credible intervals).
Met criteria for heterogeneity compared to non-Hispanic blacks.