Table 3.

Results for individual-level GPA regressed on school-level and individual-level characteristics

	Coefficient (95% Confidence Interval)	Stand. Error	t-ratio	p-value
Intercept	3.214 (2.516, 3.866)	0.333	9.654	<0.001
School Pollution^a
Total RR (ln)	−0.256 (−0.403, −0.110)	0.075	−3.427	0.001
On-Road RR (ln)	−0.097 (−0.169, −0.025)	0.037	−2.643	0.011
Non-Road RR (ln)	−0.184 (−0.285, −0.082)	0.052	−3.546	<0.001
Total Diesel PM (ln)	−0.128 (−0.214, −0.042)	0.044	−2.908	0.005
On-Road Diesel PM (ln)	−0.093 (−0.164, −0.023)	0.036	−2.594	0.012
Non-Road Diesel PM (ln)	−0.102 (−0.251, 0.046)	0.076	−1.356	0.181
School Covariates^b
Total Enrollment	−0.001 (−0.001, 0.003)	0.001	−0.473	0.638
% Free/Reduced Price Meals	−0.001 (−0.003, 0.002)	0.001	−0.479	0.634
Student/Teacher Ratio	0.000 (−0.028, 0.028)	0.014	0.008	0.994
% Special Education	−0.008 (−0.005, 0.002)	0.006	−1.464	0.149
% Teachers with MA Degree	−0.002 (−0.019, 0.003)	0.002	−0.893	0.376
Individual Covariates^c
Child’s Sex (Male)	−0.091 (−0.162, −0.019)	0.036	−2.490	0.013
Child’s Age	−0.047 (−0.103, 0.008)	0.028	−1.668	0.096
Free/Reduced Price Meals	−0.213 (−0.367, −0.059)	0.079	−2.706	0.013
Teen Mother	−0.024 (−0.086, 0.037)	0.031	−0.775	0.446
Mother’s Education	0.047 (0.029, 0.065)	0.009	5.221	<0.001
Mother is Hispanic	−0.176 (−0.378, 0.025)	0.103	−1.716	0.107
Mother is Black	−0.285 (−0.718, 0.149)	0.221	−1.287	0.222
Mother’s English Proficiency	0.054 (0.006, 0.102)	0.024	2.207	0.032

NOTES: Neighborhood-level N=58; Individual-level N=1,888; Models estimated with robust standard errors.

Each pollution variable was included in a separate modelling run. All six models included the school-level demographic and individual-level covariates. All pollution covariates were grand mean centered.

Results reported are for the model including total respiratory risk (“Total RR (ln)”). Results for the school-level covariates are the same in terms of direction and significance across all six models with the exception of “% Special Education” which approaches statistical significance (p<.10) in the models including “Non-Road RR (ln)” and “Non-Road Diesel PM (ln)”. All school-level covariates were grand mean centered.

Results reported are for the model including “Total RR (ln)”. Results for the individual-level covariates are the same in terms of direction and significance across all six models.