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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 4.
Published in final edited form as: Nutr Cancer. 2016 Feb 4;68(2):214–224. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1134596

Table 3.

Odds of high aggressive prostate cancer1 by dietary TAC for all men, African Americans, and European Americans

TAC, VCE/d (diet)
< 500 mg VCE/d 500 to 1000 mg VCE/d 1000 to 1500 mg/VCE/d > 1500 mg VCE/d Continuous2
  All Men Cases3 OR 95% CI Cases3 OR 95% CI Cases3 OR 95% CI Cases3 OR 95% CI P-trend Cases3 OR 95% CI P-trend
    Model 1 194/836 1.00 Ref 93/489 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) 17/106 0.68 (0.38, 1.23) 4/61 0.28 (0.10, 0.78) <0.05 308/1492 0.78 (0.66, 0.93) < 0.01
    Model 2 0.89 (0.67, 1.18) 0.70 (0.38, 1.27) 0.28 (0.10, 0.80) <0.01 0.81 (0.67, 0.97) < 0.05
  African American
    Model 1 111/407 1.00 Ref 49/221 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) 5/40 0.50 (0.19, 1.31) 2/20 0.32 (0.07, 1.40) <0.05 167/688 0.77 (0.61, 0.98) < 0.05
    Model 2 0.87 (0.59, 1.30) 0.54 (0.20, 1.43) 0.35 (0.08, 1.60) <0.01 0.81 (0.62, 1.07) 0.14
  European American
    Model 1 83/429 1.00 Ref 44/268 0.83 (0.56, 1.24) 12/66 0.94 (0.48, 1.82) 2/41 0.24 (0.06, 1.02) 0.49 141/804 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) 0.07
    Model 2 0.90 (0.60, 1.35) 0.91 (0.46, 1.81) 0.22 (0.05, 0.97) 0.71 0.80 (0.62, 1.03) 0.08
TAC, VCE/d (diet and supplements)
< 500 mg VCE/d 500 to 1000 mg VCE/d 1000 to 1500 mg/VCE/d > 1500 mg VCE/d Continuous2
  All Men Cases3 OR 95% CI Cases3 OR 95% CI Cases3 OR 95% CI Cases3 OR 95% CI P-trend Cases3 OR 95% CI P-trend
    Model 1 167/668 1.00 Ref 95/514 0.77 (0.58, 1.03) 37/194 0.74 (0.47, 1.16) 9/116 0.29 (0.14, 0.62) < 0.001 308/1492 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) < 0.01
    Model 2 0.82 (0.61, 1.09) 0.81 (0.51, 1.28) 0.31 (0.15, 0.67) < 0.01 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) < 0.05
  African American
    Model 1 102/349 1.00 Ref 53/242 0.83 (0.57, 1.21) 9/60 0.59 (0.28, 1.25) 3/73 0.25 (0.07, 0.84) < 0.01 167/688 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) < 0.05
    Model 2 0.85 (0.57, 1.25) 0.65 (0.30, 1.39) 0.28 (0.08, 0.96) < 0.001 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) 0.14
  European American
    Model 1 65/319 1.00 Ref 42/272 0.73 (0.48, 1.11) 28/134 0.94 (0.57, 1.53) 6/79 0.34 (0.14, 0.82) 0.51 141/804 0.83 (0.68, 1.01)) 0.07
    Model 2 0.79 (0.51, 1.21) 1.02 (0.61, 1.68) 0.36 (0.15, 0.86) 0.58 0.84 (0.68, 1.04) 0.11

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; VCE/d, vitamin C equivalents per day; Ref, referent

Model 1 adjusted for average energy intake, age, smoking, and race-smoking interaction

Model 2: Model 1, further adjusted for poverty index, marriage, body mass index, and DRE and PSA screening

1

Odds of high versus low and intermediate aggressive prostate cancer

2

Odds ratios and confidence intervals for a 500-unit increase in TAC

3

Number of high versus low and intermediate aggressive cases of prostate cancer