Table 5. Amine exposure levels causing glaucopsia in workers.
| Reference | Amines | Process | Type | Samples | Exposure range | Glaucopsia | Additional findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warren & Selchan10) | TEA | Foundry | Onsite | 31 (TWA) | 2.6–3.6 ppm* (GM: 3.1 ppm) | + | No glaucopsia at less than 5 ppm | |
| Foundry | Onsite | 69 (STEL) | 4.5–5.9 ppm* (GM: 2.7 ppm) | + | ||||
| Schmitter11) | Foundry | Onsite | 38 | 0.1–11.8 ppm (mean: 3.3 ppm) | + | |||
| Reilly et al.17) | Foundry | Onsite | 17 | 0.1–4.9 ppm (mean: 1.9 ppm) | + | Common symptom at >2.5 ppm | ||
| Jävinen & Hyvärinen18) | Foundry | Onsite | NA | 0.1–14.5 ppm (median: 6.4 ppm) | + | |||
| Åkesson et al.23) | PU | Onsite | 5 (TWA) | 1.2–8.0 ppm (mean: 3.2 ppm) | + | 2.4–3.6 ppm (TWA) may cause glaucopsia | ||
| NA (STEL) | ND-5.8 ppm (mean : NA) | |||||||
| Åkesson et al.54) | Chamber experiment | 2 | 2.4/4.4/8.2/11.6 ppm | +/− | Glaucopsia at 4.4 ppm and higher | |||
| Åkesson et al.55) | Chamber experiment | 5 | 2.4/4.8/8.5/12.8 | +/− | Glaucopsia at 4.8 ppm and higher | |||
| Jävinen et al.56) | Chamber experiment | 4 | 0.72/1.58/9.8 ppm | +/− | Glaucopsia at 1.58 ppm and higher | |||
| Åkesson et al.58) | Chamber experiment | 4 | 4.8 ppm | + | Occurrence of glaucopsia | |||
| Warren & Selchan10) | DMEA | Foundry | Onsite | 54 (TWA) | 5.7–6.9 ppm* (GM: 6.3 ppm) | + | No glaucopsia at less than 5 ppm | |
| Foundry | Onsite | 151 (STEL) | 10.2–11.2.9 ppm* (GM: 10.7 ppm) | + | ||||
| Schmitter11) | Foundry | Onsite | 26 | 0.001–12.3 ppm (mean: 2.6 ppm) | + | |||
| US-NIOSH12) | Foundry | Onsite | 4 | 0.4–0.8 ppm (mean: 0.6 ppm) | + | |||
| US-NIOSH13) | Foundry | Onsite | 9 | 1.8–8.8 ppm (mean: 4.4 ppm) | + | |||
| US-NIOSH15) | Foundry | Onsite | NA | NA | + | Glaucopsis at 2 ppm (TWA) or higher, 9.7 ppm (STEL) or higher | ||
| US-NIOSH16) | Foundry | Onsite | 63 (TWA) | ND-8.0 ppm (mean: 2.3 ppm) | + | |||
| 30 (STEL) | ND-9.7 ppm (mean: 1.6 ppm) | |||||||
| Ståhlbom et al.51) | Chamber experiment | 4 (TWA) | 3.3/6.6/13.3/16.6 ppm | +/− | No glaucopsia at less than 6.6 ppm | |||
| Chamber experiment | 30 (STEL) | 26.7/53.3 ppm | - | No glaucopsia with eye irritation | ||||
| Foundry | Onsite | 12 | 0.16–9.3 ppm (mean: 1.2 ppm) | + | Glaucopsis at 7.6–9.3 ppm | |||
| Belin et al.22) | TEDA | PU | Onsite | 7 | 0.017–0.11 ppm (mean: 0.08 ppm) | + | ||
| US-NIOSH25) | PU | Onsite | NA | NA | + | Failed to detect amines in the air | ||
| Jang et al.31) | PU | Onsite (Pre) | 29 | ND-0.26 ppm (mean: 0.06 ppm) | + | Isocyanate and aldehydes detected | ||
| Jang & Park32) | PU | Onsite (Post) | 29 | ND-0.08 ppm (mean: 0.03 ppm) | - | Aldehyde levels also reduced | ||
| US-NIOSH27) | DMAEA | Printing | Onsite (Pre) | 110 | 0.05–1.24 ppm (mean: 0.66 ppm) | +/− | ||
| US-NIOSH28) | Printing | Onsite (Post) | 64 | 0.01–1.37 ppm (mean: 0.76 ppm) | - | DMAEA was not related to glaucopsia | ||
| US-NIOSH27) | DMIPA | Printing | Onsite (Pre) | 110 | 0.16–4.0 ppm (mean: 1.65 ppm) | +/− | Mean DMIPA (1.83 ppm, N=96) caused glaucopsia | |
| US-NIOSH28) | Printing | Onsite (Post) | 64 | 0.01–0.09 ppm (mean: 0.02 ppm) | - | DMIPA related to glaucopsia | ||
| Jang et al.31) | TMHDA | PU | Onsite (Pre) | 29 | ND-0.29 ppm (mean: 0.07 ppm) | + | Isocyanate and aldehydes detected | |
| Jang & Park32) | PU | Onsite (Post) | 29 | ND-0.002 ppm (mean: 0.01 ppm) | - | Aldehyde levels also reduced | ||
| US-NIOSH25) | DMAEE | PU | Onsite | NA | NA | + | Failed to detect amines in the air | |
| Belin et al.22) | MMP | PU | Onsite | 7 | 3.2–7.6 ppm (median: 6.9 ppm) | + | MMP might cause glaucopsia | |
* Upper and lower 95% confidence limits of the GM