Table 1.
Summary of data for chemocatalytic upgrading of butyric acid to various derivatives.
| Target | T | Press | Conversion | Selectivity for | Yield | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalyst | Reaction | product | (°C) | (atm) | (%) | target prd (%) | (%) | Reference |
| Dowex 50Wx8-400 | Esterification of BA and ButOH | BuB | 100 | na | 97.3 | 99.4 | 96.7 | Kang et al. (2011) |
| Dowex 50Wx2-400 | Esterification of BA and ButOH | BuB | 120 | na | 97.5 | 98.9 | 96.4 | Kang et al. (2011) |
| Amberlyst 70 | Esterification of BA and ButOH | BuB | 110 | na | 98.2 | 98.0 | 96 | Kang et al. (2011) |
| Amberlyst 121 | Esterification of BA and ButOH | BuB | 110 | na | 96.2 | 99.1 | 95.3 | Kang et al. (2011) |
| 1%Pa-Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 | Hydrogenolysis of BuB | ButOH | 175 | 10 | 98.7 | 99.8 | 98.5 | Kang et al. (2011) |
| Ru/ZnO | Hydrogenation of BA | ButOH | 265 | 25 | 62.4 | 97.8 | Na | Lee et al. (2014) |
| 1Ru-2Sn/ZnO | Hydrogenation of BA | ButOH | 265 | 25 | 99.9 | 98.6 | Na | Lee et al. (2014) |
| 1.0Ru/C | APHDO of BA | ButOH | 190 | 63 | 93.5 | 3.3 | Na | Chen et al. (2011) |
| MnOx/CeO2 | Ketonization of BA | 4HN | 410 | 1 | 28 | >98 | Na | Murkete, Jackson and Miller (2011) |
| CM-HMS | Ketonization of BA | 4HN | 410 | 1 | 36 | >98 | Na | Murkete, Jackson and Miller (2011) |
| CM-MCM-41 | Ketonization of BA | 4HN | 410 | 1 | 31 | >98 | Na | Murkete, Jackson and Miller (2011) |
APHDO = aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation; BA = butyric acid; BuB = butyl butyrate; ButOH = 1-butanol; CM = Ce + Mn; 4HN = 4-heptanone; HMS and MCM-41 are mesoporous silica; Na = not available.