Figure 4.

Latex secondary metabolite concentrations in the offspring of the field populations. Heritable variation in the constitutive concentrations of taraxinic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) and total triterpene acetates were observed in the triploid, clonal offspring of the German populations but not in the diploid, sexual offspring of the populations of the Swiss Alps. Two offspring from either regional control and local herbivory (regional pair) or local control and local herbivory (local pair) were grown together in one pot. p-values from Kruskal–Wallis rank sum tests are shown. Sample size is shown inside each bar. Error bars correspond to standard errors (+s.e.).