Table 1.
Model | Focal’s | Mother’s | Focal’s | Mother’s | |||||||||
No. | Trait | β | SE | P | β | SE | P | β | SE | P | β | SE | P |
Juvenile traits | |||||||||||||
M1 | Birth date* | 2.49 | (13.4) | 0.85 | −15.0 | (19.9) | 0.45 | −16.3 | (10.4) | 0.12 | −17.9 | (14.2) | 0.21 |
M2 | Birth weight | −1.29 | (0.86) | 0.14 | −0.58 | (2.12) | 0.78 | −2.25 | (0.69) | 0.001 | −1.95 | (1.46) | 0.18 |
M3 | Summer survival† | 1.12 | (3.11) | 0.72 | −3.47 | (4.18) | 0.41 | 0.11 | (2.63) | 0.97 | −4.93 | (3.21) | 0.12 |
M4 | Winter survival† | −17.3 | (3.55) | <0.001 | −4.65 | (4.68) | 0.32 | −12.4 | (2.53) | <0.001 | −3.06 | (3.29) | 0.35 |
M5 | Age 1–2 y survival† | −9.82 | (4.94) | 0.05 | −5.56 | (5.39) | 0.30 | −12.3 | (3.60) | <0.001 | −7.99 | (4.24) | 0.06 |
Combined juvenile traits | |||||||||||||
M6 | Age 0–2 y survival | −13.4 | (3.31) | <0.001 | −5.02 | (4.48) | 0.26 | −13.5 | (2.46) | <0.001 | −8.71 | (3.30) | 0.006 |
Adult traits | |||||||||||||
M7 | Female AFR* | −1.96 | (3.51) | 0.56 | 0.56 | (2.70) | 0.86 | −2.14 | (1.97) | 0.28 | 3.46 | (2.04) | 0.09 |
M8 | Female annual survival | −2.07 | (4.97) | 0.65 | NF | −6.84 | (3.46) | 0.05 | NF | ||||
M9 | Male annual survival | −8.41 | (4.66) | 0.08 | NF | −1.19 | (3.80) | 0.74 | NF | ||||
M10 | Female ABS | −6.24 | (4.32) | 0.15 | NF | −8.35 | (3.22) | 0.008 | NF | ||||
M11 | Male ABS | −11.9 | (7.37) | 0.08 | NF | −13.0 | (3.43) | <0.001 | NF |
Estimates for all fitted fixed and random effects in each model are given in Table S3. For the juvenile traits (M1–M6), the sexes were analyzed together, and either or of both focal individual and mother were fitted in the same model. Annual survival (age 2+ y) and ABS (age 5+ y) were analyzed for each sex separately, and AFR was analyzed for females only. Significant effects (P ≤ 0.05) are indicated in bold. Sample sizes ranged from 232 to 1783 (see Table S2). NF, not fitted.
Multiplied by −1, as larger values are associated with decreased fitness.
Birth date and birth weight fitted as covariates.