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The thioredoxin system. The TRX in the oxidized (TRX-S2) or reduced [TRX-(SH)2] state. The oxidized thioredoxin is converted by the TRXR and NADPH to its reduced state, where TRX directly reduces disulfides in oxidized substrate proteins (Substrate-S2). TRX, thioredoxin; TRXR, thioredoxin reductase. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars
