Table 4.

Multivariable associations between clinical and demographic characteristics and nighttime systolic BP

Variable	Difference in Nighttime BP	95% Confidence Interval
Age (per 5 yr)	1.03	0.51 to 1.56
Sex (female versus male)	−1.09	−3.34 to 1.15
Race (versus non-Hispanic white)
Non-Hispanic black	5.84	3.43 to 8.25
Hispanic	0.35	−3.48 to 4.17
Other	−0.22	−5.15 to 4.71
Education (versus college degree or higher)
Less than high school	−1.66	−5.01 to 1.68
High school graduate	0.79	−2.14 to 3.72
Some college	−1.62	−3.97 to 0.73
Smoking status (versus nonsmoker)
Current smoker	2.48	−1.21 to 6.16
>100 cigarettes during lifetime	−0.93	−2.93 to 1.06
Alcohol use (yes versus no)	0.90	−1.17 to 2.97
Medical history
Hypertension	4.17	−0.16 to 8.50
MI or coronary revascularization	1.97	−0.34 to 4.28
Chronic heart failure	0.08	−3.42 to 3.57
Diabetes	3.85	1.72 to 5.98
Clinic systolic BP (per 5 mmHg)	1.78	1.52 to 2.05
Body mass index (kg/m2)	−0.05	−1.29 to 1.20
Heart rate variability, SDNNa	−0.98a	−1.86 to −0.09a
eGFR (25 versus 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2)	1.37	0.53 to 2.22
Urine protein/creatininea	2.04a	1.43 to 2.66a
Medications
ACEI or ARB therapy	−6.10	−8.75 to −3.45
Diuretics	−4.27	−6.94 to −1.59
Beta-blockers	−2.89	−5.81 to 0.03
Calcium channel blockers	−0.80	−3.37 to 1.77
Number of antihypertensive medications (per one medication)	2.91	1.30 to 4.53
Serum calcium (mg/dl)	−0.07	−1.14 to 1.00
Serum phosphorus (mg/dl)	0.57	−0.82 to 1.96
Total iPTH (pg/ml)	0.76	−0.21 to 1.73
Serum uric acid (mg/dl)	−0.97	−2.40 to 0.46
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	−0.24	−0.82 to 0.33
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	−1.88	−3.06 to −0.70

All variables were included in the model simultaneously. Increase in continuous variables from 25th to 75th percentile unless otherwise noted. MI, myocardial infarction; SDNN, standard deviation of all R-R intervals; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone.

^aPer doubling.