Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants at Baseline Categorized According to Subsequent Hospitalization
| Characteristic | No Hospitalizations During Study, n=1,542 |
≥1 Acute Care Hospitalizations, n=1,340 |
≥1 Critical Illness Hospitalizations, n=44 |
P- Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean±SD | 74.6±6.0 | 75.2±6.1 | 76.0±6.8 | .01 |
| Female, n (%) | 932 (60.4) | 775 (57.8) | 20 (45.5) | .07 |
| Nonwhite, n (%) | 178 (11.5) | 102 (7.6) | 2 (4.6) | .001 |
| High school graduate, n (%) | 1376 (89.2) | 1174 (87.6) | 32 (72.7) | .002 |
| Difficulty with activities of daily living, n (%) |
||||
| Bathing | 44 (2.9) | 68 (5.1) | 5 (11.4) | <.001 |
| Ambulating | 66 (4.3) | 90 (6.7) | 6 (13.6) | <.001 |
| Transferring | 202 (13.1) | 275 (20.5) | 10 (22.7) | <.001 |
| Dressing | 51 (3.3) | 71 (5.3) | 5 (11.4) | .002 |
| Feeding | 10 (0.6) | 10 (0.7) | 0 (0) | .75 |
| Toileting | 22 (1.4) | 20 (1.5) | 2 (4.5) | .22 |
| Time to walk 10 feet, seconds, mean±SDb |
3.7±2.1 | 3.8±1.4 | 4.2±1.3 | .01 |
| Dominant hand grip strength, kg, mean±SD c |
||||
| Women | 21.6±5.5 | 20.9±5.6 | 21.2±5.1 | .51 |
| Men | 36.1±7.8 | 35.5±8.1 | 34.2±8.1 | <.001 |
| Time to stand from seated position 5 times, seconds, mean±SDd |
14.7±4.7 | 15.0±5.0 | 14.3±4.3 | .25 |
| Exercise ≥ 3 times/wk, n (%) | 1,114 (72.2) | 958 (71.5) | 24 (54.6) | .04 |
| Recently spent time in a nursing home, n (%) |
10 (0.7) | 13 (1.0) | 1 (2.3) | .20 |
| Depressed, n (%)e | 143 (9.3) | 158 (11.8) | 5 (11.6) | .08 |
| Chronic conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Nonskin cancer | 255 (16.5) | 253 (18.9) | 6 (13.6) | .22 |
| Heart disease | 242 (15.7) | 302 (22.5) | 15 (34.1) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 553 (35.9) | 545 (40.7) | 24 (54.6) | .003 |
| Congestive heart failure | 42 (2.7) | 64 (4.8) | 6 (13.6) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 118 (7.7) | 152 (11.3) | 6 (13.6) | .002 |
| Stroke | 41 (2.7) | 44 (3.3) | 1 (2.3) | .59 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 7 (0.5) | 9 (0.5) | 0 (0) | .83 |
| RxRisk score, $, mean±SD f | 3,969.1±2,498.2 | 4,770.4±3,071.9 | 5,678.1±2,379.7 | <.001 |
| Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument raw score, mean±SD (range 0–100) |
93.3±4.7 | 92.98±4.7 | 93.5±4.5 | .24 |
Test of difference in mean using Pearson chi-square for binary variables, Fisher exact test for binary variables with any cell size ≤10, and analysis of variance for continuous variables
Average of two timed walks; missing for 19 subjects in the group with no hospitalizations, 21 in the acute care hospitalization group, and 2 in the critical illness group
Average of up to three attempts; missing for 17 subjects in the group with no hospitalizations, 17 in the acute care hospitalization group, and 2 in the critical illness group
Missing for 116 subjects in the group with no hospitalizations, 152 in the acute care hospitalization group, and 9 in the critical illness group
Missing for 3 subjects in the group with no hospitalizations, 4 in the acute care hospitalization group, and 1 in the critical illness group
Calculation of RxRisk scores used estimated healthcare costs based on prescription drug fills for the 12-month period before a subject’s enrollment in ACT.
SD=standard deviation.