Table 3.

Cadmium concentration in urine as corrected for creatinine concentration

References	Ref. No.	No. of cases studied	Cd-Ucr (μg/g cr) (GM)	Year of survey	Note
Hwang et al.	[27]	72	2.5a	1987b	Women
Lee and Kim	[41]	77	1.99	1992b	No correction for CR
Yeon et al.	[29]	160	1.19	1992b	Men
Ibid.		243	1.87	1992b	Women
Ibid.		403	1.60	1992b	Men + women
Moon et al.	[18]	18	2.25	1994	Seoul
Ibid.		38	2.16	1994	Pusam
Ibid.		17	1.40	1994	Chunan
Ibid.		34	3.05	1994	Haman
Ibid.		107	2.26	1994	Total
Lee et al.	[42]	426	0.74	1997	School children
Ibid.		250	1.29	1999	School children
Ibid.		249	1.48	2000	School children
Moon et al.	[19]	38	1.69	2000	Children
Ibid.		38	1.56	2000	Mothers
Watanabe et al.	[21]	33	2.54	2003–2004	Kindergarten children in Seoul
Ibid.		37	0.99	2003–2004	Kindergarten children in Jeju City
Ibid.		18	1.01	2003–2004	Kindergarten children in Jeju village A
Ibid.		20	0.88	2003–2004	Kindergarten children in Jeju village B
Ibid.		108	1.30	2003–2004	Kindergarten children, total
Chung et al.	[13]	88	0.88	2005b	Control areas
MEKc	[43]	126	2.08d	2007	Middle-sized city
Moon et al.	[33]	88	2.59	2007–2008	Coastal areas
Ibid.		180	1.81	2007–2008	Inland areas
Ibid.		268	2.04	2007–2008	Total
Lee et al.	[44]	5087	0.61	2008	KNSEPHBe; men + women
Yun et al.	[14]	73	0.59	2010b	Controls (Village B)
Ibid.		74	0.65	2010b	Controls (Village D)
Ibid.		147	0.62	2010b	Controls (Villages B + D)
Huang et al.	[24]	239	1.04	2011b	≧20 year-old men
Ibid.		404	0.89	2011b	≧20 year-old women
Ibid.		643	0.95	2011b	≧20 year-old men + women
Yang et al.	[15]	457	1.40	2015b	Controls

^aOriginally the AM and ASD (or ASE) were given, from which GM was estimated by the moment method [12]

^bYear of publication

^c MEK Ministry of Environment, Korea

^dμg/L

^e KNSEPHB Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in Human Body in 2008