Table 1.
Differences in the characteristics of the subjects at baseline among the four healthy lifestyle behavior groups
| All (n = 252) | Number of healthy lifestyle behaviors | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7–6 (n = 61) | 5 (n = 60) | 4 (n = 74) | ≤3 (n = 57) | p for trend | ||
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 77.9 ± 10.3 | 79.2 ± 9.5 | 77.6 ± 11.7 | 78.8 ± 10.7 | 76.5 ± 7.9 | 0.271 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.83 ± 0.09 | 0.81 ± 0.09 | 0.84 ± 0.10 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 0.122 |
| Age (years) | 51.6 ± 6.8 | 53.3 ± 7.7 | 51.2 ± 6.6 | 51.0 ± 6.3 | 51.2 ± 6.5 | 0.089 |
| Body weight (kg) | 66.7 ± 8.8 | 65.1 ± 8.9 | 66.2 ± 8.5 | 66.6 ± 8.2 | 68.9 ± 9.56 | 0.023 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 2.6 | 22.4 ± 2.7b | 23.0 ± 2.4 | 23.0 ± 2.5 | 24.0 ± 3.0a | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82.6 ± 7.2 | 81.1 ± 7.0b | 82.9 ± 6.8 | 82.3 ± 7.5 | 84.9 ± 7.5a | 0.013 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.5 ± 15.4 | 126.1 ± 15.9 | 124.8 ± 16.3 | 124.1 ± 15.0 | 124.3 ± 15.4 | 0.489 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.6 ± 10.9 | 80.8 ± 11.8 | 80.8 ± 10.8 | 82.2 ± 11.0 | 82.6 ± 10.5 | 0.270 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 116.7 ± 28.4 | 116.7 ± 28.4 | 119.1 ± 29.1 | 121.4 ± 29.8 | 119.8 ± 21.9 | 0.440 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 58.8 ± 13.9 | 60.2 ± 14.9 | 57.5 ± 13.1 | 60.2 ± 13.5 | 56.4 ± 13.8 | 0.328 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 109.9 ± 70.1 | 107.6 ± 101.2 | 114.5 ± 61.5 | 105.0 ± 55.3 | 112.0 ± 47.8 | 0.949 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 98.7 ± 15.9 | 96.5 ± 15.4 | 96.5 ± 11.1 | 98.8 ± 13.9 | 99.1 ± 10.0 | 0.176 |
| HbA1c (NGSP values; %) | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.8b | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.5a | 0.002 |
| Smoking habit (yes/no; n, %) | 56 (22.2)/196 (77.8) | 13 (21.3)/48 (78.7) | 12 (20.0)/48 (80.0) | 14 (18.9)/60 (81.1) | 17 (29.8)/40 (70.2) | 0.229 |
| Drinking habit (yes/no; n, %) | 197 (78.2)/55 (21.8) | 49 (80.3)/12 (19.7) | 45 (75.0)/15 (25.0) | 59 (79.7)/15 (20.3) | 44 (77.2)/13 (22.8) | 0.356 |
The data are expressed as the mean ± SD and the number of subjects
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BMI body mass index, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA 1 c hemoglobin A1c, NGSP National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program, NS not significant
a p < 0.05, compared to the 7–6 group
b p < 0.05, compared to the ≤3 group