Fig. 4.

De novo cardiomyocyte generation (A) Schematic of the reprogramming process. (B,E) qRT-PCR results showing the induction of cardiac markers including transcription factors, sarcomeric proteins and calcium handling proteins (* indicates significance for pair-wise a comparison Student's t-test against the flat doxycycline controls, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, n = 3, error bars indicate standard deviation). (C,F) Fluorescence microscopy showing reprogrammed cells on the flat surfaces positive for the indicated cardiac muscle markers (scale bar: 20 μm). (D,G) Quantification of immunostaining results (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05; Student's t-test, n = 6, error bars indicate standard deviation).