Table 1.
Study characteristics in infancy and adolescence by sex and blood pressure status at 18 years of age (n=838)
| Variables | All | Boys N (%) |
Girls N (%) |
p Value | Non-Hypertensive N (%) |
Hypertensive N (%) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic status (exposure) | |||||||
| Household SES change between infancy and adolescence, % | |||||||
| Low-low (ref) | 255 (30.4) | 133 (33.1) | 122 (28.0) | 0.522 | 211 (29.6) | 44 (17.3) | 0.541 |
| Low-medium | 97 (11.6) | 45 (11.2) | 52 (11.9) | 81 (11.3) | 16 (12.9) | ||
| Low-high | 35 (4.2) | 17 (4.2) | 18 (4.1) | 34 (4.8) | 1 (0.81) | ||
| Medium-low | 99 (11.8) | 41 (10.2) | 58 (13.3) | 85 (11.9) | 14 (11.3) | ||
| Medium-medium | 71 (8.5) | 32 (8.0) | 39 (8.9) | 61 (8.5) | 10 (8.1) | ||
| Medium-high | 43 (5.1) | 25 (6.2) | 18 (4.1) | 38 (5.3) | 5 (4.0) | ||
| High-low | 78 (9.3) | 39 (9.7) | 39 (8.9) | 67 (9.4) | 11 (8.9) | ||
| High-medium | 81 (9.7) | 37 (9.2) | 44 (10.1) | 67 (9.4) | 14 (12.0) | ||
| High-high | 79 (9.4) | 33 (8.2) | 46 (10.6) | 70(9.8) | 9 (7.3) | ||
| Total | 838 | 402 (48.0) | 436 (52.0) | 714 (85.2) | 124 (14.8) | ||
| Participant characteristics | |||||||
| In childhood | |||||||
| Gestational age, weeks (SD) | 838 | 38 (1.7) | 38 (1.8) | 0.3736 | 38 (1.7) | 38 (1.8) | 0.8009 |
| Birth weight, g (SD) | 838 | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.5) | <0.01 | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.5) | |
| SGA, % | |||||||
| No | 743 | 348 (86.6) | 395 (90.6) | 0.066 | 639 (89.5) | 104 (83.9) | 0.068 |
| Yes | 95 | 54 (13.4) | 41 (9.4) | 75 (10.5) | 20 (16.1) | ||
| Weight at 2 years, kg (SD) | 838 | 11.6 (1.5) | 11.3 (1.4) | 0.0177 | 11.4 (1.4) | 11.5 (1.5) | 0.5112 |
| Weight at 4 years, kg (SD) | 838 | 15.6 (1.9) | 15.2 (2.0) | <0.01 | 15.3 (2.0) | 15.6 (2.0) | 0.0884 |
| Height at 2 years, cm (SD) | 838 | 83.4 (3.5) | 82.5 (3.2) | <0.001 | 83.0 (3.3) | 82.8 (3.5) | 0.4768 |
| Height at 4 years, cm (SD) | 838 | 99.1 (3.9) | 98.6 (3.8) | 0.0309 | 98.8 (3.9) | 98.8 (4.0) | 0.854 |
| In adolescence | |||||||
| Age, years (SD) | 838 | 17.8 (0.4) | 17.8 (0.4) | 0.4521 | 17.8 (0.4) | 17.8 (0.4) | 0.2287 |
| Weight at 18 years, kg (SD) | 838 | 59.8 (10.2) | 59.3 (12.4) | 0.6017 | 58.7 (10.2) | 64.2 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Height at 18 years, cm (SD) | 838 | 170.6 (8.2) | 159.6 (6.0) | <0.001 | 165.1 (8.8) | 163.5 (9.9) | 0.0685 |
| Blood pressure measures at 18 years | |||||||
| SBP, mm Hg (SD) | 838 | 121 (10.6) | 115 (9.5) | <0.001 | 115 (8.5) | 131 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg (SD) | 838 | 71 (8.5) | 72 (8.5) | 0.0410 | 70 (6.9) | 81 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| MAP, mm Hg (SD) | 838 | 87 (8.2) | 87 (8.4) | 0.1525 | 85 (6.3) | 99 (8.3) | <0.001 |
Bold typeface indicates statistically significant results. Values are presented as mean (SD) computed from a t test for continuous variables or as N (%) for categorical variables obtained from a χ2 test and Fischer's Exact test for N<5.
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SES, socioeconomic status; SGA, small-for-gestational age.