Table 1.
KSHV vOX2 immunomodulatory functions
| Target cell | Immunomodulatory functions | Effects |
|---|---|---|
| Oxidative burst | High suppression | |
| Phagocytic activity | No effect | |
| Neutrophil | Chemotaxis | Inhibited due to IL-8 reduction |
| Monocyte/macrophage cell line; primary monocytes | IL-8 production | Highly reduction |
| MCP-1 production | Moderately reduction | |
| Histamine release | Suppression | |
| Basophil | CD11b up-regulation | Reduction |
| CTLs and NK | Cytotoxicity | Reduction |
| IFN-γ production | Reduction | |
| Th1/Th2 responses | Suppression of Th1 responses | |
| Immunological synapse | Negative signaling to Th cells and macrophages | |
| Th1 and CTL lymphocytes | Exocytosis of granule components | Reduction |
| vOX2 | Pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion (i.e. TNF-α) | Reduction |
| Killing mechanisms | Suppression | |
| MHC-I and MHC-II expression | Reduction? | |
| Macrophages | Inflammatory cytokines release | Controversial (both induction and reduction) |
| Phagocytosis | Controversial (both induction and reduction) |
CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK: natural killer