Table 4. Univariate and multivariate associations of comorbidities with hospitalization cost in patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Comorbidity	Univariate P value	Difference in cost ($)	95 % CI
			Lower	Upper
Congestive heart failure	0.04	1,787	1,567	7,925
Cardiac arrhythmias	0.19	−1,567	−3,921	786
Valvular disease	0.08	−7,510	−15,862	841
Hypertension	<0.0001	−7,561	−9,564	−5,558
Pulmonary circulation disorders	0.69	−1,751	−10,413	6,910
Peripheral vascular disorders	0.578	3,810	−9,581	17,202
Paralysis	0.14	−6,761	−15,746	2,223
Other neurological disorders	<0.0001	7,610	3,859	11,361
Chronic pulmonary disease	<0.0001	8,846	6,125	11,568
Diabetes mellitus, uncomplicated	0.15	−9,977	−12,962	6,992
Diabetes mellitus, complicated	0.39	−2,945	−9,705	3,813
Hypothyroidism	0.22	−17,345	−22,961	11,730
Renal failure	<0.0001	6,718	5,522	7,915
Liver disease	<0.0001	5,039	2,220	7,859
Peptic ulcer disease (with no bleeding)	0.43	−21,872	−76,242	32,497
AIDS	0.001	12,216	4,828	19,604
Lymphoma	0.42	−14,224	−48,613	20,163
Metastatic cancer	<0.0001	8,074	4,070	12,079
Solid tumor without metastasis	0.23	−8,054	−21,248	5,139
Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular disease	0.55	−7,970	2,420	13,519
Coagulopathy	0.03	7,873	983	14,762
Obesity	0.14	−11,666	−20,936	2,397
Weight loss	<0.0001	6,419	5,132	7,706
Fluid and electrolyte disorders	0.01	2,567	532	4,602
Blood loss-related anemia	0.99	32	−5,080	5,145
Iron deficiency-related anemia	0.003	7,222	2,470	11,974
Alcohol abuse	0.003	6,464	2,223	10,705
Drug abuse	0.11	4,781	−1,114	10,678
Psychoses	0.002	5,383	2,052	8,713
Clinical depression	0.02	8,273	1,519	15,026

Models were adjusted for age, sex, and race, and primary health insurer, type of admission, comorbidities, and use of endoscopic therapy