Table 3. Multivariable Cox regression analyses of the related factors for developing cancer in asthma patients.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | ||||
| lower | upper | lower | upper | lower | upper | |||||||
| Age: (vs. age ≤40) | ||||||||||||
| 40< Age ≤65 | 0.74 | 0.30 | 1.80 | 0.5049 | 0.76 | 0.31 | 1.85 | 0.5460 | 0.74 | 0.30 | 1.80 | 0.5046 |
| Age >65 | 1.24 | 0.44 | 3.50 | 0.6847 | 1.29 | 0.46 | 3.60 | 0.6325 | 1.24 | 0.44 | 3.50 | 0.6840 |
| Residency (northern Taiwan vs. other areas) | 1.02 | 0.88 | 1.17 | 0.8385 | 1.02 | 0.89 | 1.17 | 0.7706 | 1.02 | 0.88 | 1.17 | 0.8216 |
| Monthly income (>NT$24000 vs. ≤NT$24000) | 0.91 | 0.78 | 1.07 | 0.2731 | 0.92 | 0.78 | 1.08 | 0.2876 | 0.92 | 0.78 | 1.07 | 0.2780 |
| Marriage status (married vs. not married) | 1.06 | 0.90 | 1.25 | 0.4926 | 1.06 | 0.90 | 1.25 | 0.4873 | 1.06 | 0.90 | 1.25 | 0.4979 |
| Education level: (vs. elementary school or lower) | ||||||||||||
| High school | 1.00 | 0.84 | 1.19 | 0.9767 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 1.18 | 0.9561 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 1.19 | 0.9714 |
| College or higher | 1.25 | 0.96 | 1.62 | 0.0934 | 1.25 | 0.96 | 1.62 | 0.0941 | 1.25 | 0.96 | 1.62 | 0.0957 |
| Presence of comorbidity: | ||||||||||||
| Heart disease | 1.05 | 0.68 | 1.63 | 0.8126 | 1.06 | 0.68 | 1.64 | 0.7996 | 1.06 | 0.68 | 1.63 | 0.8113 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0.90 | 0.41 | 1.99 | 0.7972 | 0.89 | 0.41 | 1.96 | 0.7779 | 0.90 | 0.41 | 1.99 | 0.8027 |
| Major neurological disorder | 0.94 | 0.62 | 1.43 | 0.7683 | 0.94 | 0.62 | 1.44 | 0.7776 | 0.94 | 0.62 | 1.44 | 0.7778 |
| Connective tissue disease | 0.86 | 0.47 | 1.57 | 0.6234 | 0.85 | 0.47 | 1.56 | 0.6092 | 0.86 | 0.47 | 1.57 | 0.6225 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1.12 | 0.78 | 1.59 | 0.5491 | 1.12 | 0.78 | 1.60 | 0.5354 | 1.12 | 0.78 | 1.60 | 0.5441 |
| Liver disease | 1.56 | 1.08 | 2.25 | 0.0180 | 1.58 | 1.09 | 2.27 | 0.0153 | 1.57 | 1.08 | 2.26 | 0.0171 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.03 | 0.67 | 1.57 | 0.9106 | 1.02 | 0.67 | 1.57 | 0.9215 | 1.02 | 0.67 | 1.57 | 0.9162 |
| Renal disease | 1.09 | 0.56 | 2.13 | 0.8017 | 1.09 | 0.56 | 2.12 | 0.8001 | 1.09 | 0.56 | 2.12 | 0.8013 |
| LTRA users (vs. LTRA non-users) | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.39 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| cDDD of LTRA (vs. LTRA non-users) | ||||||||||||
| cDDD ≤112 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.54 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| cDDD >112 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.32 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| cDDD(1y) of LTRA (vs. LTRA non-users) | ||||||||||||
| cDDD(1y) ≤84 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.45 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| cDDD(1y) >84 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.39 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
The follow-up time was calculated from a year after the index date to either development of cancer, death or the end of 2011, whichever came first. The cumulative defined daily doses of LTRA were calculated from the index date to the end of follow-up (cDDD) and to a year after the index date [cDDD(1y)].
Using LTRA non-users as reference, the adjusted HRs of LTRA use (model 1), lower and higher cDDD (model 2) and lower and higher cDDD(1y) were calculated by the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses adjusted for age, residency, income level, marriage status, education level and the presence of various comorbidities.
Abbreviations: HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval.