Table 4. Multivariable Cox regression analyses of the related factors for developing various cancers in asthma patients.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LTRA users | cDDD ≤112 | cDDD >112 | cDDD(1y) ≤84 | cDDD(1y) >84 | ||||||
| HR [95% CI] | P value | HR [95% CI] | P value | HR [95% CI] | P value | HR [95% CI] | P value | HR [95% CI] | P value | |
| Lung cancer | 0.34 [0.20–0.60] | 0.0002 | 0.43 [0.21–0.90] | 0.0256 | 0.27 [0.12–0.62] | 0.0019 | 0.32 [0.14–0.72] | 0.0057 | 0.37 [0.18–0.78] | 0.0094 |
| Colorectal cancer | 0.35 [0.20–0.62] | 0.0004 | 0.43 [0.20–0.93] | 0.0324 | 0.28 [0.12–0.66] | 0.0037 | 0.42 [0.19–0.91] | 0.0275 | 0.29 [0.12–0.68] | 0.0045 |
| Gastric cancer | 0.30 [0.09–0.99] | 0.0486 | 0.37 [0.08–1.71] | 0.2040 | 0.21 [0.03–1.66] | 0.1400 | 0.38 [0.08–1.72] | 0.2087 | 0.21 [0.03–1.62] | 0.1328 |
| Liver cancer | 0.34 [0.17–0.69] | 0.0027 | 0.44 [0.18–1.08] | 0.0738 | 0.24 [0.08–0.76] | 0.0147 | 0.47 [0.20–1.10] | 0.0806 | 0.19 [0.05–0.70] | 0.0129 |
| Pancreatic cancer | 0.26 [0.05–1.44] | 0.1220 | 0.24 [0.02–3.13] | 0.2742 | 0.27 [0.03–2.42] | 0.2426 | 0.20 [0.02–2.42] | 0.2068 | 0.33 [0.03–3.50] | 0.3553 |
| Oral cancer | 0.35 [0.12–1.01] | 0.0519 | 0.32 [0.07–1.43] | 0.1343 | 0.38 [0.08–1.72] | 0.2093 | 0.32 [0.07–1.43] | 0.1345 | 0.38 [0.08–1.72] | 0.2100 |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | 0.26 [0.03–2.51] | 0.2470 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ||||
| Brain cancer | 0.26 [0.03–2.51] | 0.9974 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ||||
| Thyroid cancer | 0.30 [0.06–1.55] | 0.1504 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ||||
| Skin cancer | 0.61 [0.15–2.53] | 0.4964 | 0.67 [0.10–4.53] | 0.6855 | 0.54 [0.06–4.79] | 0.5797 | 0.71 [0.10–4.82] | 0.7259 | 0.51 [0.06–4.49] | 0.5453 |
| Urinary cancer | 0.78 [0.33–1.88] | 0.5839 | 0.94 [0.32–2.77] | 0.9112 | 0.55 [0.11–2.82] | 0.4752 | 0.71 [0.22–2.24] | 0.5550 | 0.92 [0.23–3.70] | 0.9049 |
| Breast cancer | 0.09 [0.03–0.26] | <0.0001 | 0.15 [0.04–0.49] | 0.0019 | 0.05 [0.01–0.34] | 0.0025 | 0.09 [0.02–0.36] | 0.0008 | 0.10 [0.02–0.44] | 0.0022 |
| Cervical cancer | 0.48 [0.18–1.26] | 0.1341 | 0.44 [0.12–1.60] | 0.2129 | 0.52 [0.13–2.09] | 0.3608 | 0.53 [0.17–1.64] | 0.2718 | 0.38 [0.07–2.05] | 0.2584 |
| Prostate cancer | 0.16 [0.03–0.94] | 0.0419 | 0.19 [0.02–1.7] | 0.1372 | 0.14 [0.01–1.74] | 0.1265 | 0.16 [0.02–1.53] | 0.1106 | 0.17 [0.01–2.34] | 0.1873 |
The results are presented with adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval) of LTRA users (model 1) or lower (cDDD ≤ 112 in model 2 and cDDD(1y) ≤ 84 in model 3) and higher (cDDD > 112 in model 2 and cDDD(1y) >84 in model 3) doses of LTRA use, using LTRA non-users as reference, which are adjusted for age, residency, income level, marriage status, education level and the presence of various comorbidities.
The follow-up time was calculated from a year after the index date to either development of the specific cancer, death or the end of 2011, whichever came first.
The cumulative defined daily doses of LTRA were calculated from the index date to the end of follow-up (cDDD) and to a year after the index date [cDDD(1y)].
‡The HR of some cancer types could not be estimated due to small sample size.