Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients
| Type 1 DM | Type 2 DM | |
|---|---|---|
| Age | (%) | (%) |
| 15–19 | 5.4 | 0.2 |
| 20–24 | 15.0 | 1.1 |
| 25–29 | 16.7 | 1.7 |
| 30–34 | 18.0 | 3.1 |
| 35–39 | 10.0 | 4.6 |
| 40–44 | 9.6 | 8.5 |
| 45–49 | 8.7 | 15.3 |
| 50–54 | 10.4 | 16.2 |
| 55–59 | 2.5 | 17.2 |
| 60–64 | 3.0 | 18.8 |
| 65–69 | 0.8 | 13.1 |
| 70–74 | 0 | 0.2 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 62.5 | 67.0 |
| Female | 37.5 | 33.0 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 55.0 | 21.8 |
| Co-habiting/married | 40.8 | 61.6 |
| Separated/divorced | 3.7 | 12.4 |
| Widowed | 0.4 | 4.1 |
| Higher education | ||
| Up to class 8 | 9.6 | 27.1 |
| Junior high school | 20.0 | 22.5 |
| Up to class 10 | 0.0 | 5.0 |
| Advanced technical college | 13.3 | 12.2 |
| Secondary school examination | 55.0 | 30.6 |
| No education | 0.4 | 0.7 |
| Other types of education | 1.2 | 1.7 |
| No response* | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Employment | ||
| Laborer | 9.2 | 16.2 |
| Employee | 54.6 | 61.3 |
| Official | 5.4 | 5.0 |
| Business man | 7.2 | 10.0 |
| Farmer | 0 | 0.2 |
| Self-employed worker | 2.1 | 3.5 |
| Non-employed | 0.8 | 0 |
| Other professions | 5.4 | 1.5 |
| No response/advanced educationa | 1.2 | 0.2 |
| Medical insurance | ||
| Private | 15.8 | 12.4 |
| Government/public | 77.9 | 81.9 |
| Other insurance | 5.8 | 4.6 |
| No insurance | 0 | 0 |
| No response | 0.5 | 1.1 |
| Regular medical checks | ||
| Yes | 35.8 | 56.1 |
| No | 63.7 | 42.8 |
| No responsea | 0.4 | 0.9 |
| Family history of diabetes | ||
| Mother | 16.1 | 32.7 |
| Father | 17.3 | 26.3 |
| Children | 0.8 | 1.7 |
| Brothers and sisters | 7.6 | 18.4 |
| Grandparents | 37.3 | 35.2 |
| Uncles and aunts | 15.8 | 20.0 |
| Other diseases/risk factors/comorbidities | ||
| Hypertension | 18.5 | 63.3 |
| History of myocardial infarction | 0.4 | 2.8 |
| Retinopathy | 0.8 | 1.3 |
| History of or current smoking | 73.3 | 88.9 |
| Subclinical DSPN | 9.8 | 6.9 |
| Confirmed asymptomatic DSPN | 0.4 | 2.6 |
| Confirmed symptomatic DSPN | 2.2 | 4.0 |
| Possible DSPN | 7.2 | 23.2 |
| Probable DSPN | 0.5 | 5.3 |
| Subclinical/borderline CAN | 0.9 | 2.1 |
| Definite CAN | 1.4 | 2.4 |
| Medication | ||
| Glucose lowering therapy | ||
| Insulin, short acting | 87.9 | 5.9 |
| Insulin, long acting | 54.2 | 4.8 |
| Metformin | 14.6 | 56.1 |
| Sulfonylurea | 1.3 | 3.5 |
| Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors | 1.3 | 6.6 |
| GLP-1-Agonists | 0.4 | 2.0 |
| Other therapies | ||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 1.7 | 11.1 |
| Statins | 2.5 | 17.5 |
| Fibrates | 0.0 | 0.7 |
| Any antihypertensive therapy | ||
| Blockers of the renin-angiotensin system | 2.1 | 15.9 |
| Beta blockers | 2.9 | 25.3 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 0.8 | 13.8 |
| Diuretics | 0.4 | 8.3 |
Demographic characteristics of the type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients included until 01/2015 at baseline in % of whole study group. DSPN: diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy, CAN: cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. DSPN and CAN were defined as previously reported (68, 98)
aNo response refers to the number of participants, who prefer not to answer to a specific question during the interview