Table 3.
Functional and cognitive variables in training group (TG) and control group (CG) before (PRE) and after (POST) the 12-week eccentric-overload flywheel resistance exercise intervention
| TG | CG | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | PRE | POST | Dif (95 % CI) | n | PRE | POST | Dif (95 % CI) | |
| Spasticity (a.u.) | 14 | 1.18 (0.88) | 0.94 (0.71) | -0.24 (-0.51 to 0.03) | 15 | 0.79 (0.89) | 0.65 (0.71) | -0.13 (-0.40 to 0.14) |
| Berg Balance Scale (a.u.) a, b | 14 | 42.2 (9.5) | 45.9 (9.1) # | 3.77 (2.60 to 4.94) | 15 | 45.6 (8.7) | 44.0 (9.6) # | -1.64 (-2.77 to -0.51) |
| Timed-Up-and-Go (s) a, b | 14 | 20.3 (14.5) | 18.2 (13.9) # | -2.16 (-3.67 to -0.65) | 15 | 17.6 (16.0) | 17.6 (14.8) | 0.03 (-1.42 to 1.49) |
| Single-task circuit time (s) b | 14 | 44.4 (33.4) | 40.0 (33.5) # | -4.39 (-7.48 to -1.30) | 15 | 34.7 (30.4) | 33.2 (26.0) | -1.45 (-4.42 to 1.53) |
| Dual-task circuit time (s) a | 12 | 53.5 (47.4) | 46.3 (43.5) | -7.19 (-13.07 to -1.31) | 14 | 34.5 (18.5) | 36.8 (20.5) | 2.30 (-3.58 to 8.19) |
| Dual-task cost of walking (a.u.) a | 12 | 23.8 (19.7) | 17.0 (13.9) | -6.76 (-15.31 to 1.80) | 14 | 27.1 (23.0) | 35.4 (31.2) | 8.33 (0.15 to 16.53) |
| Digits Span Forward (a.u.) a | 12 | 7.2 (2.7) | 7.4 (2.1) | 0.25 (-0.45 to 0.95) | 14 | 7.0 (1.8) | 6.7 (2.1) | -0.29 (-0.93 to 0.36) |
| Digits Span Backward (a.u.) a | 12 | 4.0 (2.2) | 4.7 (1.6) | 0.67 (-0.10 to 1.44) | 14 | 4.8 (1.5) | 4.4 (1.7) | -0.36 (-1.07 to 0.35) |
| RAVLT Learning (a.u.) | 12 | 35.8 (7.7) | 38.3 (8.3) | 2.50 (-1.52 to 6.52) | 13 | 37.2 (11.1) | 35.8 (11.8) | -1.46 (-5.32 to 2.40) |
| RAVLT Long-term Recall (a.u.) | 12 | 6.2 (2.7) | 5.6 (3.3) | -0.58 (-1.85 to 0.69) | 13 | 6.6 (3.4) | 6.5 (3.9) | -0.08 (-1.30 to 1.14) |
| CPT Reaction Time (a.u.) | 14 | 465.4 (95.6) | 457.4 (89.6) | -7.93 (-31.95 to 16.08) | 15 | 447.8 (94.9) | 443.8 (82.1) | -4.01 (-27.21 to 19.20) |
| Spatial Span Forward (a.u.) | 14 | 6.2 (1.8) | 6.9 (2.2) | 0.64 (-0.24 to 1.53) | 15 | 6.9 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.9) | -0.33 (-1.19 to 0.52) |
| Spatial Span Backward (a.u.) | 14 | 5.4 (2.1) | 5.7 (1.8) | 0.29 (-0.50 to 1.07) | 15 | 6.1 (2.1) | 6.1 (2.2) | -0.07 (-0.83 to 0.70) |
| Stroop Word (a.u.) | 13 | 74.5 (20.7) | 72.1 (22.3) | -2.46 (-14.29 to 9.37) | 13 | 81.2 (22.6) | 71.7 (30.5) | -9.46 (-21.29 to 2.37) |
| Stroop Color (a.u.) a | 13 | 47.2 (18.2) | 48.6 (18.0) # | 1.46 (-1.85 to 4.78) | 13 | 55.9 (14.8) | 54.9 (15.9) | -1.00 (-4.32 to 2.32) |
| Stroop Word and Color (a.u.) | 13 | 21.6 (12.8) | 22.8 (13.9) | 1.15 (-2.29 to 4.60) | 13 | 27.5 (12.8) | 29.2 (12.2) | 1.69 (-1.76 to 5.14) |
| TMT_A (a.u.) | 13 | 71.6 (29.7) | 65.9 (35.1) | -5.77 (-19.15 to 7.61) | 15 | 71.9 (48.4) | 67.2 (38.8) | -4.67 (-17.13 to 7.79) |
| TMT_B (a.u.) | 10 | 206.7 (109.1) | 196.6 (129.7) | -10.10 (-42.10 to 21.90) | 10 | 183.2 (165.3) | 186.0 (141.9) | 2.80 (-29.20 to 34.80) |
| FAS (a.u.) a | 13 | 21.9 (14.3) | 26.6 (15.3) # | 4.69 (0.88 to 8.51) | 13 | 25.5 (13.5) | 25.4 (15.6) | -0.15 (-3.97 to 3.66) |
| SF-36 Physical function (a.u.) | 13 | 33.1 (21.8) | 38.9 (28.4) | 5.77 (-6.16 to 17.70) | 15 | 38.3 (25.6) | 44.0 (32.8) | 5.67 (-5.44 to 16.77) |
| SF-36 Physical limitation (a.u.) | 13 | 50.5 (39.6) | 65.9 (31.9) | 15.39 (-2.73 to 33.50) | 15 | 63.3 (40.5) | 62.9 (39.6) | -0.42 (-17.28 to 16.45) |
| SF-36 Pain (a.u.) a | 13 | 65.2 (36.2) | 76.9 (23.1) | 11.73 (-6.16 to 29.62) | 15 | 67.3 (39.6) | 49.8 (39.1) * # | -17.50 (-34.16 to -0.85) |
| SF-36 Social function (a.u.) | 13 | 82.7 (19.8) | 85.8 (20.1) | 3.08 (-10.47 to 16,63) | 15 | 76.7 (29.1) | 78.3 (31.5) | 1.67 (-10.95 to 14.28) |
| SF-36 Mental health (a.u.) b | 13 | 61.9 (23.6) | 78.1 (15.9) | 16.15 (3.02 to 29.29) | 15 | 66.3 (22.6) | 71.4 (24.7) | 5.02 (-7.22 to 17.24) |
| SF-36 Emotional problems limitation (a.u.) | 13 | 79.5 (22.7) | 89.1 (23.2) | 9.62 (-6.71 to 25.94) | 15 | 93.3 (19.9) | 87.8 (30.9) | -5.56 (-20.75 to 9.64) |
| SF-36 Vitality (a.u.) | 13 | 53.9 (20.3) | 55.3 (26.9) | 1.44 (-14.02 to 16.91) | 15 | 51.0 (23.5) | 52.1 (30.9) | 1.08 (-13.31 to 15.48) |
| SF-36 General perception (a.u.) | 13 | 56.5 (17.9) | 58.5 (19.9) | 1.92 (-7.41 to 11.26) | 15 | 54.0 (22.4) | 51.7 (18.9) | -2.33 (-11.02 to 6.36) |
Note: n; number of participants, RAVLT; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, CPT; Continuous Performance Test, TMT; Trail Making Test, FAS; Verbal Fluency Test, SF-36; quality of life scale, a.u.; arbitrary units, s; seconds, Dif (95 % CI); Post-Pre difference (95 % confidence interval). Significant main effects (P < 0.05); a interaction group x time; b main effect of time. Significant simple effects (P < 0.05); #vs. pre value within group, *vs TG within a time point