Table 2.

Overview of studies that determine study participants with dementia based on a study diagnosis

Publications	Method of sample determination	Definition and diagnostic criteria used for (new) dementia diagnosis	Screenings performed	Qualification and training of professionals performing screenings/diagnostics
[22]	Diagnostics performed for every resident with an existing dementia diagnosis	▪ Clinical examination ▪ Semi-standardized interview and neuropsychological testing according to ICD-10 criteria ▪ Consolidation of existing diagnostic findings ▪ NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for diagnosis of AD ▪ Consensus criteria for frontotemporal dementia ▪ Petersen criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)a ▪ NINDS-AIREN for vascular dementia	MMSE, CDR, Behave-AD, BPRS, HDRS 17, B-ADL	Diagnosis: Physician with experience in geriatric psychiatry
[23]	Diagnostics performed by physicians from the research team for every resident fulfilling one of the criteria: ▪ Presence of dementia diagnosis in the nursing records ▪ Resident appears forgetful ▪ Resident has problems with orientation within the NH	▪ NINCDS-ADRDA criteria on the basis of clinical examination, existing assessments of status and progress, existing diagnostic findings (technical investigations) ▪ Dementia was classified into different types: AD, vascular dementia, mixed type, frontotemporal dementia	MMSE, GDS, Clock Drawing Test, CERAD entire battery, BAGI, AES, NPI	Screening instruments and diagnosis: Experienced geriatric psychiatrist with formal training in the administration and scoring of the respective instruments.
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]	Diagnostics performed for a random sample of nursing home residents	▪ SIDAM-interview for the assessment of cognitive function; in case of severe physical impairment CDR ▪ Diagnosis of etiological subtype based on the findings from the SIDAM-interview ▪ Diagnosis discussed in an expert conference of physicians and psychologists according to DSM-III-R	SIDAM, MMSE or CDR	Diagnosis: Physicians and psychologist who received training in conducting structured interviews
[67]	Diagnostics performed for a random sample of residents with Parkinson’s disease	▪ Diagnosis assessed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria using the SIDAM-interview, clinical examination, medical history	SIDAM, MMSE, PANDA (subsample)	Screening instruments and diagnosis: Study monitor with a medical education
[69]	Diagnostics in the study was performed for all nursing home residents.	▪ No definition or diagnostic criteria stated ▪ Diagnosis assessed using the CDR (≥ 1)	MMSE, BAS-DEM, CDR, DSS, BAI	Diagnosis: Trained clinical psychologist Screening (DSS): Licensed geriatric nurses with frequent contact with the residents during the previous 4 weeks
[70]	Diagnostics in the study was performed for every consenting resident.	▪ No definition or diagnostic criteria stated ▪ Diagnosis assessed using the CDR (≥ 1)	CDR, MMSE, Barthel-Index	Diagnosis: Determined in multidisciplinary consensus conferences held by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and health and nursing specialists. Screening instruments: Not specified
[71]	Diagnostics performed for all NH residents	▪ No definition or diagnostic criteria stated ▪ Diagnosis assessed using the BAI (3-8 = mild to severe dementia)	BAI	Interviews performed by trained NH staff with experience in clinical psychology and psychiatry
[72]	Diagnostics performed for NH residents able to be interviewed	▪ Assessment of diagnosis according to Feighner-criteria ▪ Dementia severity cutoff value (MMSE ≤ 23 minimum mild dementia)	AKT, BAI,	Diagnosis: NH manager experienced in psychiatry
[73]	Diagnostics in the study performed for a non-defined sample of NH residents	▪ Diagnosis assessed according to the Feighner criteria and compared with a diagnosis assessed with the BAI (BAI 0-2 = most likely no dementia, 3-7 = mild to moderate dementia, 8 = severe dementia)	BAI	Diagnosis (Feighner criteria): experienced NH manager
[75]	Diagnostics for organic psycho syndrome (OPS) (dementia) performed in a non-defined sample of NH residents	▪ Differentiation of OPS severity based on an assessment of cerebral dysfunction and changes in personality	Not specified	Not specified
[68]	Diagnostics in the study performed for all included participants	▪ SIDAM interview was conducted ▪ Diagnosis was based on a consensus between study interviewers and an experienced geriatrician or geriatric psychiatrist according to DSM IV for Alzheimer or ICD-10 or DSM III R criteria for multi-infarct dementia and other etiology ▪ Diagnostic criteria: objective deficits in memory and another cognitive domain, impairment in activities of daily living ▪ Classification of dementia was based on the CDR (≤ 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) ▪ Assessed data were combined into simple and weighted count scores	SIDAM, CDR, MMSE, Barthel-Index for ADL impairment, IADL impairment scale, 28 chronic conditions	Trained physicians or psychologists conducted interviews with participants and their caregivers.

AD Alzheimer’s disease, ADL Activites of daily living, AES Apathy Evaluation Scale, AKT Alters-Konzentrationstest, B-ADL, Bayer-Activities of Daily Living Scale, BAGI Bielefelder Autobiografisches Gedächtnisinventar, BAI Brief Assessment Interview, BAS-Dem Brief Assessment Schedule, Behave-AD Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease, BPRS Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, CDR Clinical Dementia Rating, CERAD The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease, DSS Dementia Screening Scale, DSM Diagnostic Statistical Manual, E-ADL Erlangen Test for Activities of Daily Living, GDS Global Deterioration Scale, HDRS 17 Hamilton Depression Scale 17, IADL Instrumental Activities of daily living, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, NOSGER Nurses’ Observation Scale, NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory, PANDA Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment, SIDAM Structured Interview for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Dementia, Multi-infarct dementia and dementias of other etiology

^aMild Cognitive Impairment is defined as a cognitive disorder that is characterized by impaired memory function and learning abilities. None of the symptoms are severe enough to justify a dementia diagnosis [5]