Fig. 3.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) activates spinal pattern generating networks. Rhythmic electromyographic activity with different multimuscle activation patterns and burst frequencies evoked by tonic epidural SCS in individuals with motor complete spinal cord injury lying supine. Three complete cycles are displayed for each example. The patterns include combinations of co- or alternating activation of muscles within flexor- (shaded background) and extensor-like phases. (a) Patient 4 in [51], classified as American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade B (neurological level of injury: C8); (b) patient 3 in [51], AIS grade B (neurological level: T9); (c) patient 7 in [30], AIS grade A (neurological level: T7); active electrode combinations of the 4-contact linear array and stimulation parameters as indicated. Q = quadriceps; Ham = hamstrings; TA = tibialis anterior; TS = triceps surae