Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study population
| Nondiabetic Patients | Diabetic Patients | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients (%) | 95 (60.1) | 63 (39.9) | |
| Male, % | 70.5 | 79.4 | 0.215 |
| Age, yr | 64.23 ± 1.37 | 69.17 ± 1.05 | 0.058 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.01 ± 0.32 | 27.62 ± 0.36 | 0.001*** |
| Risk factors, % | |||
| Hypertension | 65.4 | 85.7 | 0.004** |
| Dyslipidemia | 60.5 | 79.6 | 0.011* |
| Blood pressure, mm/Hg | |||
| Systolic | 128.7 ± 2.26 | 132.3 ± 2.72 | 0.317 |
| Diastolic | 70.49 ± 1.41 | 73.00 ± 1.61 | 0.257 |
| Medications, % | |||
| Antiplatelet | 63.0 | 79.6 | 0.030* |
| Antiarrhythmic | 12.3 | 14.3 | 0.764 |
| Anticoagulant | 34.6 | 22.4 | 0.092 |
| Antidiabetic | |||
| Insulin | 32.7 | <0.001*** | |
| Biguanide | 34.7 | <0.001*** | |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitor | 2.0 | 0.136 | |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 12.2 | <0.001*** | |
| DPP-4 inhibitor + biguanide | 28.6 | <0.001*** | |
| Sulfonylurea | 24.5 | <0.001*** | |
| Sulfonylurea + biguanide | 2.0 | 0.218 | |
| β-Blocker | 55.6 | 69.4 | 0.076 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 8.6 | 22.5 | 0.014* |
| ACEI | 49.4 | 53.1 | 0.720 |
| Diuretic | 88.9 | 85.7 | 0.616 |
| Electrolyte, KCl | 71.6 | 65.3 | 0.387 |
| Statin | 55.6 | 77.6 | 0.005** |
| Vasodilator | 12.3 | 22.5 | 0.111 |
| Non-CAD patients | |||
| No. of patients (%) | 45 (47.4) | 20 (31.7) | |
| Male, % | 53.3 | 60.0 | 0.618 |
| Age, yr | 62.00 ± 2.27 | 73.15 ± 1.63 | 0.003** |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.47 ± 0.54 | 28.30 ± 0.88 | 0.007** |
| NYHA functional classification of heart failure, % | |||
| I; I–II | 7.9; 2.6 | 11.8; 0 | 0.886; 0.502 |
| II; II–III | 50.0; 18.4 | 58.8; 5.9 | 0.454; 0.169 |
| III; III–IV | 15.8; 5.3 | 17.6; 0 | 0.659; 0.338 |
| IV | 5.9 | 0.002** | |
| CCS functional classification of angina, % | |||
| I; I–II | 13.2; 5.3 | 23.5; 0 | 0.247; 0.338 |
| II; II–III | 52.6; 7.9 | 58.8; 5.9 | 0.618; 0.587 |
| III; III–IV | 13.2; 7.8 | 11.8; 0 | 0.706; 0.169 |
| Operation type, % | |||
| Valvular replacement | 86.8 | 94.1 | 0.317 |
| Valvuloplasty | 52.6 | 35.3 | 0.172 |
| LVEF, % | |||
| <50% | 7.9 | 17.6 | 0.208 |
| ≥50% | 92.1 | 82.4 | 0.208 |
| LVSF, % | |||
| <27% | 10.5 | 17.6 | 0.338 |
| ≥27% | 89.5 | 82.4 | 0.338 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 72.45 ± 2.49 | 72.41 ± 6.33 | 0.314 |
| CAD patients | |||
| No. of patients (%) | 50 (52.6) | 43 (68.3) | |
| Male, % | 86.0 | 88.4 | 0.734 |
| Age, yr | 66.24 ± 1.58 | 67.33 ± 1.26 | 0.939 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.50 ± 0.34 | 27.30 ± 0.34 | 0.100 |
| NYHA functional classification of heart failure, % | |||
| I; I–II | 20.9; 11.6 | 3.1; 0 | 0.009**; 0.019* |
| II; II–III | 41.9; 11.6 | 62.5; 9.4 | 0.102; 0.675 |
| III; III–IV | 9.3; 4.7 | 25.0; 0 | 0.047*; 0.185 |
| CCS Functional classification of angina, % | |||
| I; I–II | 27.9; 9.3 | 9.4; 3.1 | 0.023*; 0.133 |
| II; II–III | 34.9; 9.3 | 59.4; 6.2 | 0.011*; 0.604 |
| III; III–IV | 13.9; 4.7 | 21.9; 0 | 0.377; 0.185 |
| Operation type, % | |||
| 1-Vessel disease | 25.6 | 12.5 | 0.080 |
| 2-Vessel disease | 18.6 | 12.5 | 0.392 |
| 3-Vessel disease | 48.8 | 68.8 | 0.034* |
| 4-Vessel disease | 2.3 | 6.3 | 0.238 |
| Aneurysm | 7.0 | 3.1 | 0.235 |
| LVEF, % | |||
| <50% | 16.7 | 21.9 | 0.540 |
| ≥50% | 83.3 | 78.1 | 0.540 |
| LVSF, % | |||
| <27% | 12.2 | 25.0 | 0.091 |
| ≥27% | 87.8 | 75.0 | 0.091 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 71.33 ± 3.86 | 76.38 ± 5.45 | 0.439 |
Quantitative measurements are presented as means ± SE, and qualitative parameters are presented as percentage. BMI, body mass index; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; CAD, coronary artery disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; LVSF, left ventricle shortening fraction. For normally distributed data, a parametric t-test was performed, whereas a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was applied for nonnormally distributed data. P <0.05 was considered significant. For categorical variables, a χ2 test was applied.
*
P ≤ 0.05;
**
P ≤ 0.01;
***
P ≤ 0.001.