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An overview of Smad signaling and inflammatory pathways of TGF-β1 signaling. Binding of Smad4 to phosphorylated Smad2/3 leads to the nuclear translocation of the Smad complex to regulate gene transcription, including Smad7. Smad7 induces IκBα expression, which inhibits phosphorylation of p65/p50 proteins of the NF-κB signaling complex to prevent NF-κB-driven renal inflammation.
