Table 3.

Clinical features of patients with Chromobacterium violaceum infections

Case number	Sex	Diagnosis year	Age at diagnosis	Site of isolate	Clinical disease	Mixed culture	Treatment	Outcome	Notes
1	F	2000	23	Lower limb	SSTI	Coliform sp.	Co-trimoxazole. Prior amoxycillin had failed	Resolved	Jeep bogged in mud, fell onto branch; leg wound. 8 months later, re-explored – chronic infection with granulation tissue.
2	M	2000	12	Upper limb	SSTI	Mixed coliforms	Cephazolin + gentamicin initially, 7 days co-trimoxazole	Resolved	Right elbow laceration, fell off a motorbike
3	F	2001	42	Torso	SSTI	Mixed coliforms, yeast on separate tissue	Piperacillin–tazobactam 3 days, then meropenem gentamicin 3/7	Deceased	Polymicrobial gram-negative sepsis from ischemic bowel, abdominal wall abscess, and fat necrosis
4	F	2001	53	Lower limb	SSTI	Staphylococcus aureus	Gentamicin 7 days. Co-trimoxazole 2 weeks	Resolved	Diabetic foot infection—deep plantar collection
5	F	2004	78	Urine	Urinary tract infection	Pure growth	Co-trimoxazole 1 month	Resolved	Co-morbidity – ovarian malignancy with ascites
6	M	2004	52	Torso	SSTI	–	Piperacillin–tazobactam 10 days	Resolved	Sternal wound sepsis post cardiac graft surgery
7	M	2006	19	Sputum	Ventilator pneumonia	Burkholderia cepacia	Meropenem 4 days	Resolved	Trauma—hit by fiancé's ex with a bat. Subdural, ventilator pneumonia. No other exposure history
8	M	2006	32	Lower limb	SSTI	–	Co-trimoxazole 3 weeks	Resolved	Laceration third, fourth toe while in swamp. Pus drained
9	F	2006	61	Urine	Severe sepsis, urosepsis	Escherichia coli	Meropenem, then piperacillin–tazobactam	Resolved	Patient was septic from urosepsis, coinfection with E. coli and C. violaceum
10	M	2008	57	Torso	SSTI	Aeromonas sp., Acinetobacter sp., mixed anaerobes, enteric flora	Meropenem 14 days	Resolved	Found in creek outside hospital, chest wall infection
11	F	2008	38	Blood	Septicemia, pneumonia	–	Meropenem 1 week	Deceased	Homeless patient presented with severe sepsis
12	F	2009	9	Urine	Urinary tract infection	–	Co-trimoxazole 2 weeks	Resolved	Recurrent urosepsis, patient with vesicoureteric reflux
13	M	2010	45	Upper limb	SSTI	Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio spp., group G Streptococcus	Doxycycline	Resolved	Stab injury to right hand
14	M	2012	50	Lower limb	SSTI	Enteric flora, cutaneous flora	Cephazolin, then doxycycline	Resolved	Toe abscess was debrided
15	M	2013	76	Sputum	Exacerbation chronic pulmonary disease	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Chryseobacterium indologenes	Co-trimoxazole	Resolved	Chromobacterium violaceum present with other environmental gram-negative bacteria
16	M	2014	82	Urine	Urinary tract infection	Pseudomonas sp.	Ceftazidime 2 days, then norfloxacin	Resolved	Symptomatic urinary tract infection, with C. violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa both present
17	M	2015	21	Upper limb	SSTI	S. aureus, coliforms	Debridement, flucloxacillin, then amoxycillin-clavulanic acid	Resolved	Spider bite, abscess debrided, C. violaceum also present with S. aureus
18	F	2015	15	Blood	Skin wound, bacteremia, liver abscess	Group B Streptococcus, S. aureus	Meropenem 2 weeks, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline 4 weeks	Resolved	Liver abscesses and septicemia, required prolonged intensive care unit admission

F = female; M = male; SSTI = skin and soft tissue infection.