Figure 2.

Box-and-whiskers plot (Tukey) showing cytokine levels at enrollment (day 0) of unstimulated (nil) and mitogen-stimulated samples of the malaria patients stratified by parasite densities. Cytokine levels were compared using Kruskal–Wallis test. HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; Pf = Plasmodium falciparum. N = 29, 30, and 35 for the malaria-HIV-infected group, and N = 29, 30, and 25 for the malaria-non-HIV group. The Quantiferon test has an upper detection limit at 10 IU/mL. In general, we found higher nil levels and lower mitogen responses in patients with high parasite levels.