Figure 3.

Box-and-whiskers plot (Tukey) showing cytokine levels during follow-up at day 0, 7, and 42. Only patients with complete follow-up and no malaria reinfections were included for this analysis. Malaria-HIV-infected group N = 67, malaria-non-HIV-group N = 51, and non-malaria-HIV-group N = 49, P values reflect comparison to levels at inclusion (day 0), Wilcoxon signed-rank test. HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; ns = not significant. The Quantiferon test has an upper detection limit at 10 IU/mL. In general, we found a reduction in nil levels for all study groups and an increase in antigen and mitogen responses in the malaria groups during the follow-up.