Table 3. Group Comparisons in Studies of Infants and Toddlers at Family Risk of Dyslexia.

Construct	Comparison type	Mean effect size (d) [95% CI]	Number of studies [N family-risk (N control)]	I2	Tau2
Note. CI = confidence interval.
* p < 0.05.
General cognitive abilities	Family-risk children vs. controls not at-risk	−.15 [−.61, .31]	1 [49, (28)]	—	—
	Family-risk children with dyslexia vs. controls not at-risk	−.60 [−1.20, .00]*	1 [19, (22)]	—	—
	Family-risk children without dyslexia vs. controls not at-risk	−.05 [−.61, .50]	1 [24, (22)]	—	—
Motor skills	Family-risk children vs. controls not at-risk	.10 [−.14, .34]	2 [137, (124)]	0	0
Articulatory accuracy	Family-risk children vs. controls not at-risk	−.93 [−1.57, −.28]*	1 [19, (20)]	—	—
	Family-risk children with dyslexia vs. controls not at-risk	−1.01 [−1.66,−.37]*	1 [20, (20)]	—	—
	Family-risk children without dyslexia vs. controls not at-risk	−.08 [−.68, .62]	1 [19, (20)]	—	—
Vocabulary knowledge	Family-risk children vs. controls not at-risk	−.32 [−.53, −.12]*	4 [315, (336)]	0	0
	Family-risk children with dyslexia vs. controls not at-risk	−.55 [−1.27, −.24]*	2 [29, (29)]	0	0
	Family-risk children without dyslexia vs. controls not at-risk	−.55 [−1.24, .14]	2 [21, (29)]	0	0
Grammar	Family-risk children vs. controls not at-risk	−1.0 [−1.52, −.47]*	1 [35, (27)]	—	—