Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the overall COPD cohort and by GOLD category
| GOLD A (N=12,493) | GOLD B (N=7,752) | GOLD C (N=6,689) | GOLD D (N=9,980) | Overall COPD cohort (N=44,201) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at index (January 1, 2011), mean (SD) | 69.9 (10.4) | 73.9 (10.6) | 69.8 (9.9) | 72.6 (9.9) | 71.5 (10.7) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 6,802 (54.0) | 3,810 (49.0) | 3,645 (54.0) | 5,297 (53.0) | 22,953 (52.0) |
| Female | 5,691 (46.0) | 3,942 (51.0) | 3,044 (46.0) | 4,683 (47.0) | 21,248 (48.0) |
| Age at diagnosis, mean (SD) | 65.3 (10.2) | 68.6 (10.7) | 64.8 (9.8) | 66.6 (10.0) | 66.3 (10.6) |
| Time since diagnosis (months), mean (SD) | 49.2 (38.9) | 58.2 (43.9) | 54.0 (42.3) | 67.4 (47.4) | 56.3 (43.2) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Myocardial infarction | 854 (6.8) | 814 (10.5) | 471 (7.0) | 1,020 (10.2) | 3,797 (8.6) |
| Diabetes | 1,805 (14.4) | 1,546 (19.9) | 971 (14.5) | 1,883 (18.9) | 7,455 (16.9) |
| Hypertension | 4,292 (34.4) | 3,046 (39.3) | 2,308 (34.5) | 3,464 (34.7) | 15,647 (35.4) |
| Osteoporosis | 868 (6.9) | 813 (10.5) | 517 (7.7) | 1,235 (12.4) | 4,162 (9.4) |
| Anxiety | 215 (1.7) | 108 (1.4) | 126 (1.9) | 225 (2.3) | 811 (1.8) |
| Depression | 294 (2.4) | 205 (2.6) | 176 (2.6) | 326 (3.3) | 1,197 (2.7) |
| Smoking history, n (%) | |||||
| Unknown | 1,407 (11.3) | 1,001 (12.9) | 461 (6.9) | 727 (7.3) | 4,313 (9.8) |
| Current smoker | 3,331 (26.7) | 1,904 (24.6) | 2,079 (31.1) | 2,824 (28.3) | 12,073 (27.3) |
| Never smoked | 1,136 (9.1) | 617 (8.0) | 533 (8.0) | 608 (6.1) | 4,035 (9.1) |
| Ex-smoker | 6,619 (53.0) | 4,230 (54.6) | 3,616 (54.1) | 5,821 (58.3) | 23,780 (53.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27 (5.4) | 28.1 (6.9) | 26.4 (5.5) | 26.7 (6.8) | 27 (6.2) |
| Maintenance therapy, n (%) | |||||
| Monotherapy | 5,093 (40.8) | 2,684 (34.6) | 2,390 (35.7) | 2,158 (21.6) | 14,538 (32.9) |
| Combination therapy | 4,531 (36.3) | 4,209 (54.3) | 3,675 (54.9) | 7,444 (74.6) | 22,217 (50.3) |
| Patients not on any treatment | 2,845 (22.8) | 846 (10.9) | 614 (9.2) | 372 (3.7) | 7,358 (16.6) |
| Total monotherapies, n (%) | 5,093 (40.8) | 2,684 (34.6) | 2,390 (35.7) | 2,158 (21.6) | 14,538 (32.9) |
| SABA | 1,968 (15.8) | 816 (10.5) | 780 (11.7) | 490 (4.9) | 5,079 (11.5) |
| SAMA | 228 (1.8) | 93 (1.2) | 81 (1.2) | 61 (0.6) | 528 (1.2) |
| LABA | 1,423 (11.4) | 869 (11.2) | 808 (12.1) | 867 (8.7) | 4,625 (10.5) |
| LAMA | 1,224 (9.8) | 822 (10.6) | 641 (9.6) | 690 (6.9) | 3,676 (8.3) |
| LAMA + SABA | 754 (61.6) | 594 (72.3) | 485 (75.7) | 561 (81.3) | 2,595 (70.6) |
| LAMA + SAMA | 48 (3.9) | 37 (4.5) | 33 (5.1) | 51 (7.4) | 177 (4.8) |
| Methylxanthines | 10 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 3 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 33 (0.1) |
| ICS | 240 (1.9) | 78 (1.0) | 77 (1.2) | 46 (0.5) | 597 (1.4) |
| OCS | 24 (0.2) | 13 (0.2) | 10 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 88 (0.2) |
| Total combination therapies, n (%) | 453 (36.3) | 4,209 (54.3) | 3,675 (54.9) | 7,444 (74.6) | 22,217 (50.3) |
| LABA + ICS (as both FDC and combination) | 1,884 (15.1) | 1,131 (14.6) | 1,141 (17.1) | 1,321 (13.2) | 6,486 (14.7) |
| LABA + ICS + SABA | 1,262 (67.0) | 888 (78.5) | 876 (76.8) | 1,139 (86.2) | 4,892 (75.4) |
| LABA + ICS + SAMA | 241 (12.8) | 288 (25.5) | 234 (20.5) | 452 (34.2) | 1,368 (21.1) |
| LABA + LAMA + ICS | 1,251 (10.0) | 1,451 (18.7) | 1,300 (19.4) | 2,989 (29.9) | 7,537 (17.1) |
| LABA + LAMA + ICS + SABA | 926 (74.0) | 1,217 (83.9) | 1,103 (84.8) | 2,719 (91.0) | 6,426 (85.3) |
| LABA + LAMA + ICS + SAMA | 46 (3.7) | 60 (4.1) | 88 (6.8) | 231 (7.7) | 470 (6.2) |
| LAMA + ICS | 59 (0.5) | 39 (0.5) | 35 (0.5) | 49 (0.5) | 197 (0.4) |
| LAMA + ICS + SABA | 34 (57.6) | 28 (71.8) | 29 (82.9) | 40 (81.6) | 143 (72.6) |
| LAMA + ICS + SAMA | 3 (5.1) | 5 (12.8) | 1 (2.9) | 6 (12.2) | 15 (7.6) |
| LABA + LAMA | 779 (6.2) | 967 (12.5) | 744 (11.1) | 1,679 (16.8) | 4,541 (10.3) |
| SABA + SAMA only | 368 (2.9) | 278 (3.6) | 199 (3.0) | 208 (2.1) | 1,195 (2.7) |
| Methylxanthines + ICS | 47 (0.4) | 63 (0.8) | 44 (0.7) | 143 (1.4) | 360 (0.8) |
| Methylxanthines + LABA | 36 (0.3) | 42 (0.5) | 34 (0.5) | 98 (1.0) | 251 (0.6) |
| Methylxanthines + LAMA | 7 (0.1) | 15 (0.2) | 7 (0.1) | 24 (0.2) | 63 (0.1) |
| Methylxanthines + (LABA or LAMA or ICS) | 97 (0.8) | 212 (2.7) | 166 (2.5) | 916 (9.2) | 1,543 (3.5) |
| Any other combinations, n (%) | 3 (0.0) | 11 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 17 (0.2) | 44 (0.1) |
| Patients not on any of the above treatments, n (%) | 2,845 (22.8) | 846 (10.9) | 614 (9.2) | 372 (3.7) | 7,358 (16.6) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FDC, fixed-dose combination; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta agonists; LAMA, long-acting anticholinergics; n, number of patients; OCS, oral corticosteroids; SABA, short-acting beta agonists; SAMA, short-acting anticholinergics; SD, standard deviation.