Table 2.

Strategies to Prevent Prosthetic Joint Infections by Improving the Antimicrobial Surface Properties of Titanium-Based Orthopaedic Implant Materials

Method	Organism(s)	Antibacterial	System	Observation(s)	Ref
Oxidative nanopatterning of Ti	MRSA, Candida albicans	Surface topography	in vitro	S. aureus adhesion reduced; C. albicans aggregations reduced	90
Antibiotic impregnated microspheres	S. aureus	Tobramycin	in vivo	Total absence of infection; no effect on bone ingrowth	99
Covalently tethered vancomycin	S. epidermidis	Vancomycin	in vitro	Prevention of colonization and biofilm formation	100
Antiseptic dye coating	S. aureus	Gendine (chlorhexidine)	in vitro	Total prevention of bacterial adherence	110
Galvanic Cu deposition	S. aureus	Inactivate catabolic pathways	in vitro	Total clearing of adherent bacteria	95
HA-chitosan polyelectrolyte with RGD	S. aureus	Chitosan	in vitro	Adhesion reduced by 80% for 21 days	108
Antibiotic loaded hydrogel coating	S. aureus, S. epidermidis	Various antibiotics	in vitro	Inhibition of biofilm and planktonic growth	104
UV irradiation	S. aureus, S. epidermidis	Spontaneous wettability	in vitro	Bacteria adhere, not firmly attached	85
UV C irradiation	S. aureus, S. epidermidis	Increased ROS	in vitro	Bacteria killed for 60 min after UV treatment	86
Zn TiO2	E. coli, S. aureus	ZnO mediated ROS	in vitro	Inhibition attachment	115
Zn-implanted Ti	E. coli, S. aureus	Zn ions	in vitro	Partial antibacterial effect; E. coli more inhibited than S. aureus	116
Alkali treatment	S. aureus, E. coli	Nanoroughness, increase local pH	in vitro	Bacteriostatic effect, reduced proliferation	117
Ag coating	Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Corneybacterium	Ag ions	in vivo	Reduced infection rate	97
Material painting of N,N-dodecyl, methyl-PEI coating	S. aureus	Immobilized hydrophobic polycationic chains	both	Total absence of infection	107
Superhydrophobic TiO2 nanotube	S. aureus	Superhydrophobic surface	in vitro	Reduced adhesion	118
Mesoporous TiO2 coating	E. coli	Cephalothin controlled release	in vitro	All bacteria killed on contact	119
Photocatalytic TiO2 layer	S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa	Increased ROS	in vitro	Antibacterial effect after 60 min UV treatment	120
Silk Sericin surface	S. aureus, S. epidermidis	Silk sericin	in vitro	Reduced adhesion	121
Ag-doped TiO2 nanotube	S. aureus	Ag ions	in vitro	Planktonic clearing, reduced adhesion	91