Table 2.
Physical, laboratory, ECG, and echocardiography investigations by race.
| Characteristic | All (n = 4539) | Indian subcontinent (n = 382) | Gulf citizen (n = 4157) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical, mean (±SD), unless specified otherwise | ||||
| HR, beats/min (n = 4386) | 97 ± 23 | 102 ± 24 | 96 ± 23 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg (n = 4388) | 137 ± 34 | 144 ± 39 | 137 ± 34 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg (n = 4388) | 81 ± 20 | 87 ± 23 | 81 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| Raised JVP > 6 cm, n (%) | 2251 (50%) | 172 (45%) | 2079 (50%) | 0.062 |
| Laboratory investigations, mean (±SD), unless specified otherwise | ||||
| First serum creatinine, mmol/L | 130 ± 117 | 128 ± 102 | 130 ± 118 | 0.732 |
| First serum urea, mmol/L | 12 ± 8 | 9 ± 6 | 12 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| First serum potassium, mmol/L | 4.2 (3.9–4.6) | 4.1 (3.7–4.5) | 4.2 (3.9–4.6) | 0.002 |
| BNP, pg/mL, median, (n = 334) | 1300 (890–5209) | 2396 (1503–5000) | 1293 (890–5223) | 0.370 |
| NT-pro BNP, pg/mL, (n = 669) | 3059 (1260–6986) | 4023 (1797–7590) | 2778 (1138–6891) | 0.021 |
| e-GFR, mL/min, (n = 4476) | 64 (44–87) | 70 (49–88) | 63 (44–87) | 0.029 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.6 (11–14) | 13.6 (12–15) | 12.5 (11–14) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L, (n = 3268) | 4.6 (3.6–5.6) | 4.4 (3.5–5.3) | 4.6 (3.6–5.6) | 0.155 |
| HbA1c, % (n = 1792) | 6.7 (5.5–8.5) | 7.4 (6.0–9.8) | 6.7 (5.5–8.5) | <0.001 |
| ECG, n (%), unless specified otherwise | ||||
| Rhythm statusa | ||||
| Sinus rhythm | 3740 (82%) | 328 (86%) | 3412 (82%) | 0.162 |
| AF/flutter | 589 (13%) | 42 (11%) | 547 (13%) | |
| CHB | 59 (1.3%) | 4 (1.1%) | 55 (1.3%) | |
| Paced | 68 (1.5%) | 1 (0.3%) | 67 (1.6%) | |
| SVT | 24 (0.5%) | 3 (0.8%) | 21 (0.5%) | |
| Others | 59 (1.3%) | 4 (1.1%) | 55 (1.3%) | |
| LV hypertrophy | 1350 (30%) | 116 (30%) | 1234 (30%) | 0.780 |
| ST-depression/T-inversion | 1987 (44%) | 226 (59%) | 1761 (42%) | <0.001 |
| STEMI | 474 (10%) | 101 (26%) | 373 (9%) | <0.001 |
| Pathological Q waves | 1061 (23%) | 104 (27%) | 957 (23%) | 0.063 |
| QRS duration = > 0.12 ms | ||||
| No | 3616 (80%) | 317 (83%) | 3299 (79%) | 0.006 |
| LBBB | 595 (13%) | 34 (9%) | 561 (14%) | |
| RBBB | 191 (4.2%) | 24 (6.3%) | 167 (4.0%) | |
| IVCD | 137 (3.0%) | 7 (1.8%) | 130 (3.1%) | |
| Echocardiography, n (%), unless specified otherwise | ||||
| LVEF, %, med (IQR) (n = 4150) | 35 (25–45) | 35 (25–40) | 35 (25–45) | <0.001 |
| LVEF > 40% (n = 4150) | 1416 (34%) | 85 (24%) | 1331 (35%) | <0.001 |
SD – standard deviation; ECG – electrocardiography; HR – heart rate; SBP – systolic blood pressure; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; JVP – jugular venous pressure; BNP – B-type natriuretic peptide; NT-pro BNP – N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide; GFR – glomerular filtration rate; AF – atrial fibrillation; CHB – complete heart block; SVT – supraventricular tachycardia; LV – left ventricular; STEMI – ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; LBBB – left bundle branch block; RBBB – right bundle branch block; IVCD – intraventricular conduction delay; LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction.
Analyses were performed using Student's t-test or Mann–Whitney or Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, whenever appropriate.
Percents may not add up to 100% due to rounding off.