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. 2016 Mar 16;3:16004. doi: 10.1038/mto.2016.4

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Copyright © 2016 Official journal of the American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Invasin-mediated uptake into bladder cancer cells. Purified native “vector” minicells (top panels) and VAX-I minicells (lower three panels), were incubated with murine urothelial cell carcinoma cell line MB49, low-grade human papillary urothelial carcinoma cell line RT4, or high-grade human urothelial carcinoma cell line T24. After a 2-hour incubation, cells were washed and fixed (left panels) or fixed and permeabilized (center panels) and minicell localization determined by immunohistocytochemistry using a polyclonal antibody against minicells as the primary detection antibody. Cells were also analyzed for mean fluorescence by flow cytometry (right panels).