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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Dec;175(12):1977–1979. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.6098

TABLE 2.

Potential factors associated with diabetes screening status†

Adjusted Prevalence Ratio of
Diabetes Specific vs.
No Diabetes-Specific Screeningi 		Adjusted Prevalence Ratio of
Any Diabetes Screening vs.
Noneii
Characteristic PR (95% CI) P-pwise P PR (95% CI) P-pwise P
Sex(a) . <0.00005 . <0.00005
Female 1.15 (1.10–1.20) <.00005 . 1.08 (1.06, 1.09) <.00005 .
Male Ref . . Ref . .
Race/ethnicity(a) . <0.0001 . <0.00005
Asian 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) 0.56 . 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) 0.20 .
Black 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) 0.99 . 0.92 (0.90, 0.94) <.00005 .
Hispanic 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) 0.03 . 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) 0.96 .
Other 1.05 (1.00, 1.09) 0.04 . 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) 0.32 .
White Ref . . Ref . .
Age, years§(a) . <0.00005 . <0.00005
18–27 Ref . . Ref . .
28–47 1.23 (1.17, 1.30) <.00005 . 1.09 (1.07, 1.12) <.00005 .
48–67 1.43 (1.31, 1.55) <.00005 . 1.17 (1.14, 1.21) <.00005 .
68+ 0.93 (0.72, 1.21) 0.62 . 0.93 (0.82, 1.06) 0.27 .
Evidence of primary care
outpatient healthcare utilization(b) 		. <0.00005 . <0.00005
Yes 1.80 (1.62, 2.00) <.00005 . 1.48 (1.36–1.61) <.00005 .
No Ref . . Ref . .
†

Each adjusted model depends upon the specific variable and their position along with directed acyclic graph (DAG or causal graph). We created a DAG to identify confounders and mediators of the predictors of interest (available upon request).

§

These age categories were those provided by the California Department of Health Care Services to the study investigators

i

Diabetes-specific screening (N=15,315) vs. no diabetes-specific screening [includes both non-specific or no screening] (N=35,600).

ii

Any diabetes screening [includes both diabetes-specific screening and non-specific diabetes screening] (N=35,083) vs. no screening (N=15,832)

(a)

Controlling for 3 main demographic variables (sex, race/ethnicity, age) and county type (rural/urban), unless it is the predictor variable of interest.

(b)

Controlling for main demographic variables, county type, psychiatric diagnosis, comorbid substance abuse, and comorbid metabolic disorders.