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. 2016 Jan 15;93(Suppl 1):42–67. doi: 10.1007/s11524-015-0016-7

TABLE 4.

The effects of invasive police encounters on poor self-rated health, average and race-specific effects: 2009–2012 NYC Community Health Survey (N = 32,452) and 2009–2012 NYC Stop, Question, and Frisk (N = 34)

Model 1 Model 2
Neighborhood frisk rate Minority/white frisk ratio Neighborhood use of force rate Minority/white use of force ratio Neighborhood frisk rate Minority/white frisk ratio Neighborhood use of force rate Minority/white use of force ratio
Invasive policing measure 0.08*** 0.06*** 0.13*** 0.19***
(0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01)
White × invasive policing measure 0.03 −0.01 0.14*** 0.15***
(0.03) (0.03) (0.04) (0.03)
Black × invasive policing measure −0.02 −0.05 0.08* 0.12**
(0.04) (0.07) (0.03) (0.05)
Latino × invasive policing measure −0.05 0.21*** 0.07 0.21***
(0.04) (0.04) (0.04) (0.06)
Asian/Pacific Islander × invasive policing measure 0.06 0.04 0.18 ** 0.32
(0.07) (0.08) (0.06) (0.06)
Black non-Latino 0.17* 0.16* 0.18** 0.17** 0.16 * 0.21** 0.17** 0.17**
(0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.07) (0.06) (0.07) (0.07) (0.06)
Latino 0.65*** 0.65*** 0.66*** 0.65*** 0.66*** 0.67*** 0.65*** 0.66***
(0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.11) (0.11) (0.09) (0.10) (0.10)
Asian/Pacific Islander 0.45*** 0.44*** 0.46*** 0.44*** 0.42*** 0.47*** 0.42*** 0.39***
(0.10) (0.09) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.09) (0.10)
2010 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
(0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07)
2011 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07)
2012 −0.05 −0.05 −0.05 −0.05 −0.05 −0.05 −0.05 −0.05
(0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09)
Community arrest rate −0.21*** −0.26*** −0.25*** −0.08*** −0.21*** −0.23*** −0.24*** −0.07***
(0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01)
Total robbery complaints −0.02** −0.13*** −0.21*** −0.08*** −0.11*** −0.13*** −0.16*** −0.08***
(0.01) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01)
Total persons incarcerated −0.01 −0.00 −0.06*** −0.07*** −0.01* −0.00 −0.04*** −0.06***
(0.00) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.00) (0.01) (0.01)
Proportion Black or Latino −0.17*** −0.09*** −0.16*** −0.06*** −0.09*** −0.05** −0.16*** −0.10***
(0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02)
Percent below federal poverty line 0.07*** 0.08*** 0.13*** 0.03 −0.03 −0.05* 0.08** 0.07***
(0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0.02) (0.02)
Affluence concentration −0.12*** −0.09*** −0.03* −0.17*** −0.18*** −0.20*** −0.07*** −0.16***
(0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.01)
Male (0 = female) −0.03 −0.03 −0.03 −0.03 −0.03 −0.03 −0.03 −0.03
(0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05)
Age–standardized, mean centered 0.66*** 0.66*** 0.66*** 0.66*** 0.66*** 0.66*** 0.66*** 0.66***
(0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03)
High school (ref. less than high school) −0.37*** −0.37*** −0.37*** −0.37*** −0.38*** −0.38*** −0.37*** −0.37***
(0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07)
Some college (ref. less than high school) −0.54*** −0.54*** −0.55*** −0.55*** −0.55*** −0.55*** −0.54*** −0.54***
(0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08)
College degree (ref. less than high school) −0.74*** −0.74*** −0.74*** −0.74 *** −0.74*** −0.74*** −0.74*** −0.74***
(0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10)
Employed (0 = unemployed) −0.54*** −0.54*** −0.54*** −0.54*** −0.54*** −0.53*** −0.54*** −0.54***
(0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05)
Income 1–2× poverty line −0.15 −0.15* −0.15 −0.15 −0.15* −0.15* −0.15* −0.15
(0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08) (0.08)
Income 2–4× poverty line −0.46*** −0.46*** −0.46*** −0.46*** −0.47*** −0.46*** −0.47*** −0.46***
(0.08) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.08) (0.09) (0.09)
Income 4–6× poverty line −0.84*** −0.84*** −0.84*** −0.84*** −0.84*** −0.84*** −0.84*** −0.84***
(0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09)
Income more than 6× poverty line −1.24*** −1.24*** −1.24*** −1.24*** −1.24*** −1.24*** −1.24*** −1.24***
(0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09)
Don’t know income −0.27** −0.27** −0.27** −0.27** −0.28** −0.28** −0.28** −0.27**
(0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10)
Missing poverty data −0.67*** −0.67*** −0.67*** −0.67*** −0.67*** −0.67*** −0.67*** −0.66***
(0.14) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14)
US born (0 = not US born) −0.12* −0.12* −0.12* −0.12* −0.12* −0.12* −0.13* −0.13*
(0.06) (0.05) (0.05) (0.06) (0.05) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06)
Insured (0 = not insured) 0.20** 0.21** 0.20** 0.21** 0.21** 0.20** 0.21** 0.21**
(0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.07)
Unmet medical care last year (0 = met) 0.66*** 0.66*** 0.66*** 0.67*** 0.66*** 0.67*** 0.67*** 0.67***
(0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07)
Household size–standardized, median centered −0.06 −0.06 −0.06 −0.06 −0.06 −0.06 −0.06 −0.06
(0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03)
Formerly married (ref. married/cohabitating) 0.18** 0.18** 0.18** 0.18** 0.18** 0.18** 0.18** 0.18**
(0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.05) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06)
Never married (ref. Married/cohabitating) 0.13* 0.13* 0.12* 0.13* 0.12* 0.12 0.12* 0.12*
(0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06)
Primarily spanish at home (ref. primarily english) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03
(0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.10) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09)
Primarily other language at home (ref. primarily english) 0.63*** 0.63*** 0.63*** 0.63*** 0.63*** 0.63*** 0.63*** 0.63***
(0.11) (0.11) (0.11) (0.11) (0.11) (0.11) (0.11) (0.11)
Constant −0.67*** −0.74*** −0.71*** −0.74*** −0.68*** −0.64*** −0.67*** −0.73***
(0.12) (0.12) (0.12) (0.12) (0.12) (0.12) (0.11) (0.12)
Observations 32,452 32,452 32,452 32,452 32,452 32,452 32,452 32,452

Higher values indicate more illness, worse health. Weighted logits reported. Standard errors in parentheses. All models include individual- and neighborhood-level controls. See Table 1

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001