Table 2.
Unadjusted means and within- and between-group comparisons in the treatment-received subsample
| Measures | Group | n | Baseline (T1) | n | Post-test (T2) | p (T 1 − T 2) | n | Follow-up (T3) | p (T 2 − T 3) | p (time × treatment) | Effect size d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | Within-group T1 − T3 |
Between-group T3 |
||||||||
| Child behavior | |||||||||||||||
| ECBI intensity (mother) | PCIT | 27 | 144.6 | 31.1 | 26 | 103.7 | 36.4 | <.001* | 20 | 114.2 | 46.7 | .205 | .005* | 0.77* | −0.50 |
| FCT | 16 | 139.4 | 35.0 | 16 | 137.8 | 30.0 | .857 | 13 | 133.2 | 25.8 | .169 | 0.20 | |||
| ECBI intensity (father) | PCIT | 14 | 156.5 | 22.8 | 12 | 101.9 | 37.6 | .001* | 10 | 116.6 | 43.9 | .319 | .024* | 1.14* | −0.18 |
| FCT | 8 | 132.3 | 40.3 | 7 | 133.7 | 36.6 | .506 | 5 | 123.7 | 35.9 | .984 | 0.22 | |||
| ECBI problem (mother) | PCIT | 24 | 16.9 | 8.1 | 24 | 9.6 | 7.6 | <.001* | 17 | 9.1 | 10.2 | .870 | .250 | 0.84* | −0.32 |
| FCT | 14 | 16.6 | 9.9 | 14 | 14.6 | 7.6 | .460 | 13 | 12.0 | 7.5 | .203 | 0.55 | |||
| ECBI problem (father) | PCIT | 14 | 20.1 | 5.5 | 10 | 9.9 | 8.5 | .001* | 10 | 11.8 | 9.5 | .675 | .015* | 1.08* | −0.43 |
| FCT | 5 | 17.8 | 9.1 | 7 | 18.7 | 9.1 | .109 | 4 | 16.3 | 11.4 | .335 | 0.15 | |||
| CBCL internalizing (T-score) | PCIT | 26 | 61.9 | 7.9 | 20 | 54.7 | 8.5 | .002* | 20 | 51.3 | 12.2 | .164 | .148 | 1.00* | −0.65 |
| FCT | 14 | 61.9 | 8.9 | 16 | 59.4 | 7.6 | .166 | 13 | 58.2 | 8.5 | .862 | 0.44 | |||
| CBCL externalizing (T-score) | PCIT | 26 | 68.0 | 11.1 | 20 | 62.7 | 10.0 | <.001* | 20 | 60.1 | 14.0 | 569 | .224 | 0.63* | −0.42 |
| FCT | 14 | 68.7 | 8.9 | 16 | 65.6 | 7.7 | .156 | 13 | 64.7 | 7.3 | .406 | 0.50* | |||
| DPICS inappropriate behavior | PCIT | 27 | 17.6 | 16.9 | 23 | 12.1 | 13.5 | .126 | 20 | 9.4 | 9.0 | .399 | .986 | 0.61* | −0.39 |
| FCT | 15 | 19.9 | 20.5 | 15 | 14.5 | 12.2 | .452 | 11 | 13.2 | 10.3 | .530 | 0.41 | |||
| DPICS % non-compliance | PCIT | 27 | 45.3 | 23.8 | 23 | 33.2 | 25.9 | .098 | 20 | 37.2 | 27.7 | .397 | .199 | 0.31 | 0.18 |
| FCT | 15 | 32.8 | 25.1 | 15 | 40.6 | 25.3 | .272 | 11 | 31.8 | 31.7 | .631 | 0.03 | |||
| Parenting stress | |||||||||||||||
| PSI-SF (mother) | PCIT | 25 | 87.0 | 27.0 | 21 | 72.2 | 28.7 | <.001* | 18 | 71.1 | 33.6 | .702 | .520 | 0.52* | −0.32 |
| FCT | 16 | 88.3 | 24.1 | 16 | 78.5 | 22.4 | .231 | 12 | 79.7 | 16.8 | .312 | 0.42 | |||
| PSI-SF (father) | PCIT | 14 | 91.9 | 28.3 | 11 | 60.5 | 26.5 | .002* | 10 | 59.9 | 22.1 | .838 | .067 | 1.26* | −0.74 |
| FCT | 8 | 85.3 | 28.2 | 7 | 86.4 | 30.6 | .428 | 5 | 77.8 | 26.1 | .270 | 0.27* | |||
| Parenting skills | |||||||||||||||
| DPICS % positive following | PCIT | 27 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 24 | 15.1 | 11.4 | .005* | 20 | 18.2 | 15.8 | .513 | .128 | −0.94* | 0.86 |
| FCT | 15 | 7.1 | 5.6 | 15 | 8.1 | 4.9 | .570 | 12 | 8.0 | 5.7 | .976 | −0.16 | |||
| DPICS % negative leading | PCIT | 27 | 43.0 | 12.1 | 24 | 26.9 | 11.0 | <.001* | 20 | 23.2 | 13.1 | .222 | .012* | 1.57* | −1.51 |
| FCT | 15 | 43.2 | 8.0 | 15 | 34.8 | 8.5 | .010* | 12 | 41.1 | 10.5 | .108 | 0.48 | |||
| DPICS praise | PCIT | 27 | 7.8 | 5.4 | 23 | 19.4 | 18.5 | .006* | 20 | 14.1 | 9.5 | .132 | .018* | 0.81* | 0.88 |
| FCT | 15 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 15 | 5.3 | 4.0 | .102 | 11 | 7.2 | 5.7 | .786 | 0.17 | |||
| DPICS demandingness | PCIT | 27 | 29.2 | 14.9 | 23 | 18.7 | 8.6 | .003* | 20 | 17.9 | 13.4 | .474 | .446 | 0.79* | −0.18 |
| FCT | 15 | 28.4 | 18.8 | 15 | 25.0 | 12.7 | .498 | 11 | 20.4 | 14.5 | .354 | 0.48 | |||
Tests of significance for assessment time and for time-treatment interaction used the baseline score as reference point. For DPICS % positive following and for DPICS praise, higher means indicate improvement. Asterisks in the T1 − T3 within-group effect size column indicate significant change from baseline to follow-up
* p < .05