Table 1.
Further lead metabolites from fungi exhibiting pronounced activity against plant-parasitic and intestinal nematodes
| Substance | Class | Producer | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pseudohalonectrin A (175), B (176) | Azaphilones | Pseudohalonectria adversaria YMF1.01019 (Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales) | >50 % mortality against B. xylophilus after 24 h (100 μg/ml) | Dong et al. 2006 |
| 2β,13-dihydroxyledol (= dichomitin B, 177) | Sesquiterpene | Dichomitus squalens (Polyporales, Polyporaceae) | LC50 = 35,6 μg/ml against B. xylophilus after 24 h | Huang et al. 2004 |
| Clonostachydiol (178) | Macrodiolide |
Clonostachys cylindrospora
FH-A6607 (Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae) |
80–90% reduction of fecal H. contortus in lambs after 14 days, following subcutaneous admission of 2.5 mg/kg clonostachydiol | Grabley et al. 1993 |
| Caryopsomycins A–C (179–181) | Resorcylic acid lactones | Caryospora callicarpa YMF1.01026 (Pleosporales, Zopfiaceae) | LC50 against B. xylophilus [μg/ml] after 36 h: 103.1 (179), 105.8 (180), and 105.1 (181) | Dong et al. 2007 |
| Nafuredin (182) | Epoxy-δ-lactone with olefinic side chain | Aspergillus niger FT-0554 (Eutotiales, Aspergillaceae) | >90% reduction of H. contortus eggs after 11 days, following one single treatment of sheep with 2 mg/kg nafuredin p.o.; complete suppression of egg development following a second treatment 1 week after first administration | Ui et al. 2001; Ōmura et al. 2001 |
| Nafuredin-γ (183) | γ-lactone with olefinic side chain | Aspergillus niger FT-0554 | 92 % reduction of H. contortus eggs 11 days after the second treatment, conducted 3 weeks after first administration | Shiomi et al. 2005 |