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. 2016 Feb 1;19:483–500. doi: 10.1007/s10071-015-0948-z

Table 3.

Carry-initiating behaviours, i.e. types of (a) gestures and (b) actions, vocalisations and multi-modal combinations, produced by chimpanzee mothers of both sites (Kanyawara [K]: N = 7; Taï South [T]: N = 5) in respective study periods

Age ID/Study Period Site Audible gestures Tactile gestures Visual gestures Total
ls so Total pl pu pv rt sb to Total bs el lb ld lo lr pb ps pv ra ru tb Total –
(a)
9–11 WA/1 K X 1 X X X X X 5 X X X X 4 10
10–12 IS/2 T 0 X X X X 4 X X X X X X 6 10
10–12 MB/1 T X 1 X X X 3 X X X X X X 6 10
14–16 ML/1 K X 1 X X X 3 X X 2 6
14–16 OT/1 K X 1 X X X 3 X X X X X X 6 10
15 JL T X 1 X X 2 X X 2 5
15–17 SM/1 T X 1 X X 2 X X X 3 6
16–18 LN K X 1 X X X 3 X X X 3 7
16–19 TG/1 K X 1 X X X X X 5 X X X X X X X X X 9 15
19–21 KS/1 T X 1 X X X 3 X X X X 4 8
20–24 WA/2 K X 1 X X 2 X X X X X 5 8
22–24 MB/2 T X 1 X X X X 4 X X X X X X X X X 9 14
26–28 ML/2 K X 1 X X X X 4 X X 2 7
26–28 OT/2 K X 1 X X X 3 X X X X X X X 7 11
27–29 SM/2 T X 1 X X X 3 X X X X X 5 9
28–30 TG2 K X 1 X X X X 4 X X X X X 5 10
31–33 KS/2 T X 1 X X X X 4 X X X X 4 9
48–50 OU K X 1 X 1 X X X 3 5
55–56 WL/1 K X 1 X 1 X X X X X X X 7 9
64–65 IS/1 T 0 X 1 X X X 3 4
67–69 WL/2 K X 1 X X 2 X X X X X X 6 9
Age ID/Study Period Site Action Vocal Multi-modal
apr frz grb mov lob Total sgr sgr + gesture
(b)
9–11 WA/1 K X X X 3
10–12 IS/2 T X X X X X 5 X ra
10–12 MB/1 T X X 2 X ra
14–16 ML/1 K X 1
14–16 OT/1 K X X X 3
15 JL T X X X X 4
15–17 SM/1 T X X 2 lo
16–18 LN K X X X 3 X
16–19 TG/1 K X X X 3
19–21 KS/1 T X X X X 4 X
20–24 WA/2 K X X X X 4
22–24 MB/2 T X X X X 4
26–28 ML/2 K X X 2
26–28 OT/2 K X X X X 4 pb
27–29 SM/2 T X X X 3
28–30 TG/2 K X X 2
31–33 KS/2 T X X X X 4
48–50 OU K X X 2
55–56 WL/1 K X X X 3
64–65 IS/1 T X X 2
67–69 WL/2 K X X X 3