Table 4.

Carry-initiating behaviours, i.e. types of (a) gestures and (b) actions, vocalisations and multi-modal combinations, produced by chimpanzee infants of both sites (Kanyawara [K]: N = 7; Taï South [T]: N = 6) in respective study periods

Age	ID/study period	Site	Audible gestures		Tactile gestures					Visual gestures				Total
			sc	Total	ao	to	pl	pu	Total	lo	lb	ra	Total	–
(a)
9–11	WZ/1	K		0			X		0	X		X	2	2
10–12	IN	T		0		X			1	X		X	2	3
10–12	MH/1	T		0		X			1			X	1	2
14–15	MM/1	K		0		X			1				0	1
14–16	OB/1	K		0					0				0	0
15	JF	T		0					0				0	0
15–17	SL/1	T		0		X			1				0	1
16–18	LL	K		0		X			1				0	1
16–19	TR/1	K	X	1					0		X	X	2	3
19–21	KY/1	T		0		X			1				0	1
20–24	WZ/2	K		0					0				0	0
22–24	MH/2	T		0		X			1	X	X	X	3	4
26–28	MM/2	K		0					0				0	0
26–28	OB/2	K		0					0				0	0
27–29	SL/2	T		0	X	X			2	X			1	3
28–30	TR/2	K		0		X			1			X	1	2
31–33	KY/2	T		0					0	X	X	X	3	3
48–50	OL	K		0	X			X	2	X			1	3
55–56	WC/1	K		0	X	X			2	X			1	3
64–65	IT	T		0					0	X			1	1
67–69	WC/2	K	X	1	X	X	X		3	X			1	5

Age	ID/Study period	Site	Action					Vocal	Multi-modal
			apr	frz	grb	hon	Total	whi	whi + gesture
(b)
9–11	WZ/1	K	X			X	2	X	lo
10–12	IN	T	X			X	2	X	lo, ra
10–12	MH/1	T	X			X	2
14–15	MM/1	K					0	X
14–16	OB/1	K	X			X	2
15	JF	T	X				1	X
15–17	SL/1	T	X				1
16–18	LL	K	X				1	X
16–19	TR/1	K	X	X		X	3	X	lo
19–21	KY/1	T	X	X		X	3	X
20–24	WZ/2	K	X			X	2	X
22–24	MH/2	T	X			X	2	X	lo, ra, to
26–28	MM/2	K	X				1	X
26–28	OB/2	K	X	X		X	3	X
27–29	SL/2	T	X	X	X	X	4	X	lo
28–30	TR/2	K	X			X	2	X	to, ra
31–33	KY/2	T	X	X	X	X	4	X	lo, ra
48–50	OL	K					0	X	lo
55–56	WC/1	K	X			X	2	X	lo
64–65	IT	T	X				1	X	lo
67–69	WC/2	K					0	X	lo, sc, to