Table 1. Summary of the samples collected in sushi venues across the UK.
Identification represented in this table is obtained by using the BOLD ‘Public Record Barcode’ database. Samples marked by (∗) represent samples which were identified using cyt b sequencing and the Genbank public database, the (a) characterises samples identified by the COI mini-barcodes. Results by using other database can be found in Table S1. The conservation status of the species can by assessed by their IUCN Red List of Threatened Species status.
| City | Sold as | BOLD Public Record Barcode database (% match) | Accepted common name | Mislabelled | IUCN status | Accession number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bristol | Tuna (Albacore) | Thunnus alalunga 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus orientalis 99.81%, Thunnus thynnus 99.61%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.03% | Albacore | NO | Near threatened | KU168615 |
| Exeter | Tuna (Albacore) | Thunnus alalunga 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus orientalis 99.81%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.81%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.04% | Albacore | NO | Near threatened | KU168616 |
| London | Tuna (Albacore) | Thunnus alalunga 99.79%, Thunnus obesus 99.38%, Thunnus orientalis 99.17%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.17%, Thunnus thynnus 98.96%, Thunnus albacares 98.33% | Albacore | NO | Near threatened | KU168617 |
| Bristol | Tuna (Bluefin) | Thunnus thynnus 100% | Atlantic Bluefin tuna | NO | Endangered | KU168618 |
| Liverpool | Tuna (Bluefin) | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.85% | Yellowfin tuna | YES | Near threatened | KU168619 |
| Bristol | Tuna (Yellowfin) | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.83%, Thunnus tonggol 99.83% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168620 |
| Bristol | Tuna (Yellowfin) | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.83%, Thunnus tonggol 99.83% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168621 |
| Exeter | Tuna (Yellowfin) | Thunnus albacares 100%, | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168622 |
| London | Tuna (Yellowfin) | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.79%, Thunnus obesus 99.79%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.79% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168623 |
| Manchester | Tuna (Yellowfin) | Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus albacares 99.69%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.62%, Thunnus tonggol 99.52%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.4% | Bigeye tuna | YES | Vulnerable | KU168624 |
| Manchester | Tuna (Yellowfin) | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 100%, Thunnus obesus 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168625 |
| Bristol | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus obesus 99.82%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.67%, Thunnus tonggol 99.67% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168627 |
| Bristol | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus obesus 99.82%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.67%, Thunnus tonggol 99.67% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168628 |
| Bristol | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.83%, Thunnus tonggol 99.83% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168629 |
| Bristol | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.83%, Thunnus tonggol 99.83% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168630 |
| Bristol | Tuna | Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus albacares 99.34% | Bigeye tuna | NO | Vulnerable | KU168631 |
| Bristol | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus obesus 99.83% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168632 |
| Bristol | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus tonggol 99.84% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168633 |
| Bristol | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.84%, Thunnus tonggol 99.83% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168634 |
| Exeter | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.49%, Thunnus obesus 99.49%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.48% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168635 |
| Liverpool | Tuna* | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.81%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.68% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168636 |
| Liverpool | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168637 |
| London | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 100%, Thunnus obesus 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168638 |
| London | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 100%, Thunnus obesus 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168639 |
| London | Tuna | Seriola lalandi 100%, Seriola zonata 99.36% | Yellowtail amberjack | YES | Not assessed | KU168640 |
| London | Tuna | Seriola lalandi 100%, Seriola zonata 99.36% | Yellowtail amberjack | YES | Not assessed | KU168641 |
| London | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 99.82%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.82%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.82%, Thunnus obesus 99.81% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168642 |
| London | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.79%, Thunnus obesus 99.79%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.79% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168643 |
| London | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 99.79%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.79%, Thunnus obesus 99.79%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.79% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168644 |
| London | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 100%, Thunnus obesus 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168645 |
| London | Tunaa | Thunnus thynnus 100% | Atlantic Bluefin tuna | NO | Endangered | KU168646 |
| London | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 100%, Thunnus obesus 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168647 |
| London | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168648 |
| London | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 100%, Thunnus obesus 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168649 |
| Manchester | Tuna* | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.85%, Seriola lalandi 94.97% | Japanese amberjack | YES | Not assessed | KU168650 |
| Manchester | Tuna | Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus albacares 99.69% | Bigeye tuna | NO | Vulnerable | KU168651 |
| Manchester | Tuna* | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.85% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168652 |
| Manchester | Tuna (Spicy) | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.85% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168653 |
| Manchester | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.85% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168654 |
| Manchester | Tuna | Thunnus thynnus 100%, Thunnus orientalis 99.69%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.69%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.54%, Thunnus albacares 99.53% | Atlantic Bluefin tuna | NO | Endangered | KU168655 |
| Manchester | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100% | Bigeye tuna | NO | Vulnerable | KU168656 |
| Manchester | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168657 |
| Manchester | Tuna | Thunnus thynnus 100%, Thunnus orientalis 99.84%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.84%, Thunnus alalunga 99.69%, Thunnus obesus 99.68%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.19%, Thunnus albacares 99% | Atlantic Bluefin tuna | NO | Endangered | KU168658 |
| Manchester | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.84%, Thunnus obesus 99.82%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.8% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168659 |
| Manchester | Tuna* | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus tonggol 99.84% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168660 |
| Manchester | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 100%, Thunnus obesus 100% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168661 |
| Newcastle | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 100%, Thunnus obesus 100%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.85%, | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168662 |
| Newcastle | Tuna | Thunnus albacares 100%, Thunnus atlanticus 99.84%, Thunnus maccoyii 99.84%, Thunnus obesus 99.82% | Yellowfin tuna | NO | Near threatened | KU168663 |
| Bristol | Eel | Anguilla anguilla 100% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168664 |
| Bristol | Eel | Anguilla anguilla 100% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168665 |
| Bristol | Eel | Anguilla marmorata 99.84% | Giant mottled eel | NO | Least concern | KU168666 |
| Exeter | Eel | Anguilla japonica 99.36% | Japanese eel | NO | Endangered | KU168667 |
| Liverpool | Eel | Anguilla anguilla 99.84% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168668 |
| Liverpool | Eel | Anguilla rostrata 99.84% | American eel | NO | Endangered | KU168669 |
| Liverpool | Eel | Anguilla japonica 100% | Japanese eel | NO | Endangere d | KU168670 |
| London | Eel (Freshwater)a | Anguilla japonica 100% | Japanese eel | NO | Endangered | KU168671 |
| London | Eel (grilled) | Anguilla anguilla 100% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168672 |
| London | Eela | Anguilla japonica 99.49% | Japanese eel | NO | Endangered | KU168673 |
| Manchester | Eel | Anguilla anguilla 99.84% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168674 |
| Manchester | Eel (Freshwater) | Anguilla anguilla 100% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168675 |
| Manchester | Eel | Anguilla anguilla 99.84% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168676 |
| Manchester | Eel | Anguilla japonica 99.54%, Anguilla marmorata 94.74% | Japanese eel | NO | Endangered | KU168677 |
| Manchester | Eel | Anguilla rostrata 99.84% | American eel | NO | Endangered | KU168678 |
| Manchester | Eel | Anguilla anguilla 100% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168679 |
| Manchester | Eel | Anguilla anguilla 100% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168680 |
| Manchester | Eel* | Anguilla anguilla 90% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168681 |
| Newcastle | Eel | Anguilla anguilla 100% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168683 |
| Newcastle | Eel | Anguilla anguilla 99.37% | European eel | NO | Critically endangered | KU168684 |
| Liverpool | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 99% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168685 |
| Liverpool | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168686 |
| Liverpool | Seabassa | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168687 |
| London | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168688 |
| London | Seabass | Lateolabrax japonicus 100%, Lateolabrax maculatus 99.63% | Japanese seabass | YES | Not assessed | KU168689 |
| London | Seabass | Lateolabrax japonicus 100%, Lateolabrax maculatus 99.49% | Japanese seabass | YES | Not assessed | KU168690 |
| London | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168691 |
| London | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168692 |
| London | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168693 |
| Manchester | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 99% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168694 |
| Manchester | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 99% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168695 |
| Manchester | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 99% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168696 |
| Manchester | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168697 |
| Manchester | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168698 |
| Manchester | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168699 |
| Manchester | Seabass* | Dicentrarchus labrax 100% | European seabass | NO | Least concern | KU168700 |
| Bristol | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.34%, Seriola lalandi 94.53% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168701 |
| Bristol | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.51%, Seriola lalandi 94.75% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168702 |
| Bristol | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.84%, Seriola lalandi 94.9% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168703 |
| Liverpool | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.63%, Seriola lalandi 93.85% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168704 |
| London | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.69% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168705 |
| London | Yellowtail | Seriola lalandi 100%, Seriola zonata 99.34% | Yellowtail amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168706 |
| London | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.80% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168707 |
| London | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.79% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168708 |
| London | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.79% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168709 |
| London | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.77% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168710 |
| Manchester | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.55%, Seriola lalandi 94.97% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168711 |
| Manchester | Yellowtail | Seriola quinqueradiata 99.7%, Seriola lalandi 94.9% | Japanese amberjack | NO | Not assessed | KU168712 |
| London | Mackerel | Scomber scombrus 100% | Mackerel | NO | Least concern | KU168713 |
| London | Mackerel | Scomber scombrus 99.80% | Mackerel | NO | Least concern | KU168714 |
| London | Mackerel | Scomber scombrus 100% | Mackerel | NO | Least concern | KU168715 |
| London | Mackerel | Scomber scombrus 100% | Mackerel | NO | Least concern | KU168716 |
| London | Mackerel | Scomber scombrus 100% | Mackerel | NO | Least concern | KU168717 |
| London | Mackerel | Scomber scombrus 100% | Mackerel | NO | Least concern | KU168718 |
| London | Mackerel | Scomber scombrus 100% | Mackerel | NO | Least concern | KU168719 |
| London | Mackerel | Scomber scombrus 100% | Mackerel | NO | Least concern | KU168720 |
| Manchester | Seabream | Sparus aurata 100% | Gilthead bream | NO | Least concern | KU168721 |
| Manchester | Seabream | Sparus aurata 100% | Gilthead bream | NO | Least concern | KU168722 |
| Manchester | Seabream | Sparus aurata 100% | Gilthead bream | NO | Least concern | KU168723 |
| Liverpool | Swordfish | Makaira nigricans 99.52% | Blue marlin | YES | Data deficient | KU168724 |
| Newcastle | Swordfish | Xiphias gladius 100% | Swordfish | NO | Least concern | KU168725 |
| London | King Fish | Seriola lalandi 100%, Seriola zonata 99.38% | Yellowtail amberjack | YES | Not assessed | KU168726 |
| Manchester | King Fish (Tasmanian) | Seriola lalandi 100%, Seriola zonata 99.43% | Yellowtail amberjack | YES | Not assessed | KU168727 |
| Manchester | Barramundia | Lates calcarifer 100% | Barramundi | NO | Not assessed | KU168728 |
| Manchester | Black Cod | Anoplopoma fimbria 100% | Sablefish | NO | Not assessed | KU168729 |
| Liverpool | Flying Fish eggs | Clupea harengus 100% | Herring | YES | Least concern | KU168731 |
| London | Snapper | Sparus aurata 100% | Gilthead bream | YES | Least concern | KU168732 |