Table 1. Measurement levels before and after drinking four types of beverages in healthy subjects.
Data are expressed as mean ± standard error (n = 5). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc analysis using least significant differences were used to compare clinical data between the beverages. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, compared with water; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, compared with beer; †p < 0.05, compared with shochu.
| Before intake | After 1 h | After 2 h | After 12 h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total ketone (μmol/l) | ||||
| Water | 104.82 ± 55.10 | 29.80 ± 2.67 | 30.02 ± 3.36 | 43.80 ± 14.98 |
| Beer | 160.72 ± 31.65 | 80.18 ± 7.09** | 56.14 ± 10.76* | 30.00 ± 4.57 |
| Shochu | 51.30 ± 12.44# | 64.54 ± 7.70** | 83.86 ± 11.50** | 35.26 ± 9.26 |
| Sake | 54.20 ± 11.35# | 67.50 ± 8.50** | 58.00 ± 9.76* | 29.56 ± 3.93 |
| Acetoacetate (μmol/l) | ||||
| Water | 28.58 ± 8.89 | 12.70 ± 0.85 | 17.90 ± 2.17 | 15.14 ± 2.80 |
| Beer | 40.60 ± 7.92 | 14.90 ± 2.88 | 11.84 ± 0.71* | 13.46 ± 1.53 |
| Shochu | 20.76 ± 4.39 | 13.48 ± 1.50 | 15.32 ± 1.50 | 14.96 ± 3.05 |
| Sake | 19.82 ± 3.33# | 11.82 ± 1.20 | 10.82 ± 0.53*† | 11.56 ± 0.90 |
| 3-hydroxybutyric acid (μmol/l) | ||||
| Water | 76.24 ± 46.28 | 17.08 ± 2.61 | 12.72 ± 1.41 | 29.92 ± 11.77 |
| Beer | 120.12 ± 24.02 | 55.36 ± 7.40** | 44.64 ± 11.42* | 17.48 ± 2.62 |
| Shochu | 31.16 ± 9.71## | 52.92 ± 6.53** | 68.36 ± 12.03** | 21.00 ± 5.92 |
| Sake | 34.38 ± 8.36## | 56.24 ± 7.84** | 48.04 ± 9.36** | 18.96 ± 2.58 |
| Lactic acid (mg/dl) | ||||
| Water | 7.98 ± 0.95 | 14.36 ± 1.78 | 11.16 ± 1.50 | 7.54 ± 0.85 |
| Beer | 6.32 ± 0.96 | 15.44 ± 2.07 | 18.32 ± 1.22** | 8.98 ± 0.95 |
| Shochu | 8.20 ± 1.73 | 16.86 ± 1.77 | 18.66 ± 1.50** | 7.38 ± 0.48 |
| Sake | 7.50 ± 0.70 | 16.54 ± 1.36 | 17.20 ± 2.01* | 7.78 ± 0.56 |
| Prothrombin time (sec) | ||||
| Water | 11.78 ± 0.19 | 12.00 ± 0.35 | 11.86 ± 0.37 | 11.92 ± 0.38 |
| Beer | 11.58 ± 0.24 | 11.82 ± 0.26 | 11.50 ± 0.31 | 11.66 ± 0.23 |
| Shochu | 11.82 ± 0.31 | 11.78 ± 0.30 | 11.78 ± 0.30 | 11.86 ± 0.37 |
| Sake | 11.70 ± 0.37 | 11.86 ± 0.38 | 11.66 ± 0.32 | 11.74 ± 0.33 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (sec) | ||||
| Water | 26.72 ± 1.67 | 27.58 ± 2.02 | 26.58 ± 2.02 | 27.10 ± 2.00 |
| Beer | 26.04 ± 1.36 | 27.42 ± 1.89 | 25.96 ± 1.58 | 25.86 ± 1.29 |
| Shochu | 26.98 ± 1.81 | 27.26 ± 1.46 | 26.72 ± 1.54 | 26.98 ± 1.76 |
| Sake | 26.20 ± 1.49 | 27.02 ± 1.64 | 26.40 ± 1.48 | 26.42 ± 1.51 |
| Thrombo test (%) | ||||
| Water | 95.40 ± 4.60 | 94.00 ± 6.00 | 93.00 ± 3.77 | 85.00 ± 8.58 |
| Beer | 93.00 ± 3.77 | 90.00 ± 5.17 | 95.40 ± 4.60 | 90.20 ± 3.79 |
| Shochu | 95.80 ± 2.24 | 93.60 ± 3.93 | 98.40 ± 1.17 | 91.40 ± 3.41 |
| Sake | 93.40 ± 6.60 | 93.80 ± 6.20 | 94.60 ± 5.40 | 92.00 ± 6.20 |
| Hepaplastin test (%) | ||||
| Water | 105.80 ± 3.75 | 96.80 ± 5.54 | 99.20 ± 7.19 | 92.00 ± 6.20 |
| Beer | 105.60 ± 4.86 | 97.00 ± 5.73 | 105.00 ± 6.69 | 98.20 ± 3.89 |
| Shochu | 99.60 ± 4.89 | 98.00 ± 4.49 | 98.40 ± 4.50 | 93.60 ± 4.13 |
| Sake | 105.80 ± 6.72 | 103.00 ± 6.40 | 106.60 ± 7.05 | 98.60 ± 5.71 |
| Adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation (%) | ||||
| Water | 88.60 ± 3.71 | 97.20 ± 5.45 | 88.80 ± 5.76 | 88.40 ± 4.31 |
| Beer | 80.80 ± 5.76 | 83.80 ± 5.43 | 86.00 ± 4.83 | 91.20 ± 3.87 |
| Shochu | 85.40 ± 4.24 | 89.20 ± 6.41 | 87.00 ± 3.55 | 86.80 ± 2.78 |
| Sake | 81.00 ± 11.14 | 82.00 ± 4.09 | 83.40 ± 1.40 | 86.40 ± 4.71 |
| Collagen (%) | ||||
| Water | 85.20 ± 5.71 | 95.80 ± 6.62 | 89.60 ± 3.98 | 85.20 ± 4.22 |
| Beer | 75.20 ± 11.04 | 84.00 ± 6.13 | 80.40 ± 6.88 | 90.20 ± 4.57 |
| Shochu | 86.60 ± 6.33 | 87.80 ± 7.68 | 89.00 ± 3.77 | 87.40 ± 3.75 |
| Sake | 84.20 ± 8.31 | 75.20 ± 7.03 | 81.40 ± 4.85 | 83.00 ± 7.69 |