Table 2. Visual analogue scales scores after drinking four types of beverages in healthy subjects.
Data are expressed as mean ± standard error (n = 5). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc analysis using least significant differences were used to compare clinical data between the beverages. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, compared with water.
| Before intake | After 1 h | After 2 h | After 12 h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache | ||||
| Water | 4.4 ± 4.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 4.1 ± 4.1 |
| Beer | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 4.8 ± 4.1 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 2.0 |
| Shochu | 13.1 ± 13.1 | 11.6 ± 8.9 | 21.3 ± 14.8 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Sake | 2.7 ± 2.1 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Palpitation | ||||
| Water | 13.6 ± 5.7 | 11.1 ± 6.2 | 9.6 ± 5.9 | 9.1 ± 5.7 |
| Beer | 25.2 ± 11.4 | 41.1 ± 12.3 | 12.8 ± 5.3 | 6.1 ± 4.0 |
| Shochu | 10.0 ± 10.0 | 35.3 ± 11.2 | 39.2 ± 17.5 | 9.9 ± 7.7 |
| Sake | 7.2 ± 6.0 | 26.1 ± 16.5 | 18.8 ± 10.3 | 6.1 ± 5.3 |
| Appetite | ||||
| Water | 73.0 ± 11.7 | 7.9 ± 4.9 | 11.9 ± 6.3 | 37.1 ± 10.4 |
| Beer | 79.4 ± 11.1 | 36.4 ± 13.9 | 36.4 ± 13.6 | 38.8 ± 14.7 |
| Shochu | 75.5 ± 9.9 | 30.0 ± 16.3 | 7.6 ± 7.6 | 47.5 ± 11.6 |
| Sake | 71.8 ± 11.5 | 18.6 ± 11.0 | 16.9 ± 8.4 | 44.3 ± 13.3 |
| Hunger | ||||
| Water | 74.9 ± 11.7 | 8.2 ± 5.0 | 13.6 ± 7.6 | 37.4 ± 10.6 |
| Beer | 86.0 ± 7.5 | 36.1 ± 14.8 | 29.1 ± 16.6 | 40.5 ± 14.7 |
| Shochu | 61.8 ± 11.6 | 26.2 ± 16.7 | 10.2 ± 10.2 | 39.4 ± 14.5 |
| Sake | 66.7 ± 13.4 | 13.8 ± 9.2 | 16.1 ± 7.6 | 46.8 ± 15.4 |
| Fullness | ||||
| Water | 16.2 ± 15.2 | 67.1 ± 17.2 | 73.3 ± 13.8 | 15.3 ± 6.4 |
| Beer | 8.1 ± 8.1 | 51.2 ± 15.2 | 50.1 ± 10.3 | 6.5 ± 4.0 |
| Shochu | 36.8 ± 18.7 | 76.0 ± 9.4 | 71.1 ± 15.9 | 30.2 ± 14.9 |
| Sake | 17.7 ± 11.5 | 84.9 ± 6.7 | 57.8 ± 17.4 | 8.2 ± 4.8 |
| Tipsiness | ||||
| Water | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 3.9 ± 3.9 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Beer | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 69.2 ± 8.9∗∗ | 45.4 ± 14.6∗ | 3.6 ± 3.6 |
| Shochu | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 53.4 ± 17.3∗ | 46.0 ± 15.3∗ | 1.4 ± 1.4 |
| Sake | 22.3 ± 13.7 | 53.7 ± 17.2∗ | 40.0 ± 15.1∗ | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Drunken sickness | ||||
| Water | 5.9 ± 5.9 | 5.0 ± 5.0 | 3.5 ± 3.5 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Beer | 9.7 ± 9.7 | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 8.0 ± 5.3 | 2.8 ± 2.8 |
| Shochu | 3.0 ± 3.0 | 29.8 ± 18.6 | 9.8 ± 6.0 | 1.4 ± 1.4 |
| Sake | 6.9 ± 6.3 | 12.7 ± 8.3 | 21.2 ± 19.7 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Weariness | ||||
| Water | 18.9 ± 9.4 | 7.7 ± 4.9 | 6.5 ± 3.4 | 5.6 ± 5.5 |
| Beer | 11.0 ± 9.9 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 10.0 ± 6.7 | 21.8 ± 8.6 |
| Shochu | 4.5 ± 2.9 | 31.6 ± 18.8 | 7.6 ± 5.2 | 13.9 ± 10.9 |
| Sake | 10.4 ± 10.4 | 13.0 ± 11.9 | 7.2 ± 5.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Happiness | ||||
| Water | 31.8 ± 13.9 | 44.4 ± 12.8 | 47.9 ± 13.3 | 35.0 ± 7.9 |
| Beer | 36.3 ± 10.0 | 54.1 ± 7.2 | 54.4 ± 10.2 | 29.8 ± 9.0 |
| Shochu | 32.6 ± 12.0 | 39.7 ± 14.0 | 39.4 ± 12.2 | 38.0 ± 12.7 |
| Sake | 39.7 ± 7.5 | 53.0 ± 15.9 | 43.0 ± 14.8 | 46.9 ± 8.7 |
| Relaxation | ||||
| Water | 47.8 ± 16.7 | 55.3 ± 12.6 | 45.9 ± 16.9 | 52.7 ± 12.4 |
| Beer | 54.8 ± 16.0 | 66.1 ± 8.7 | 61.1 ± 10.5 | 53.3 ± 7.3 |
| Shochu | 55.6 ± 4.4 | 40.6 ± 14.3 | 60.9 ± 13.0 | 50.9 ± 9.4 |
| Sake | 60.9 ± 14.1 | 52.5 ± 15.9 | 49.6 ± 14.8 | 50.8 ± 8.5 |
| Nausea | ||||
| Water | 3.5 ± 3.5 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Beer | 5.4 ± 5.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Shochu | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 18.0 ± 13.2 | 8.1 ± 5.0 | 1.2 ± 1.2 |
| Sake | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 4.1 | 14.2 ± 14.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 |